NCERT Class 11 Geography Chapter 28 Topographical Maps

NCERT Class 11 Geography Chapter 28 Topographical Maps Solutions to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse through different chapters NCERT Class 11 Geography and select need one. NCERT Class 11 Geography Question Answers Download PDF. NCERT Geography Class 11 Solutions.

NCERT Class 11 Geography Chapter 28 Topographical Maps

Also, you can read the NCERT book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) Book guidelines. CBSE Class 11 Geography Solutions are part of All Subject Solutions. Here we have given NCERT Class 11 Geography Part I: Fundamentals of Physical Geography, Part II: Indian: Physical Environment, Part III: Practical Work in Geography. NCERT Class 11 Geography Notes, NCERT Class 11 Geography Textbook Solutions for All Chapters, You can practice these here.

Topographical Maps

Chapter: 28

GEOGRAPY [ PART – III ]

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.1. Name the headquarter of Survey of India.

Ans. Dehradun (Uttaranchal).

Q.2. What is the importance of a topographic sheet?

Ans. It gives detailed information of the concerned area.

Q.3. What are contours?

Ans. Contours are imaginary lines which joins all places having the same height above mean sea level.

Q.4. What are the different methods of showing relief features on the map?

Ans. (i) Hachures.

(ii) Hill shadings.

(iii) Contours.

(iv) Colour method.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.1. What are topographical maps?

Ans. The maps which show the relief and cultural features are called topographical maps. Generally, they are known as toposheets. They are drawn on the large scale. These maps are based on survey lands. Physical features and cultural features are shown by conventional signs.

Q.2. Name the organisation which prepares the topographical maps of India.

Ans. The Survey of India prepares the topographical maps of India.

Q.3. Which are the commonly used scales for mapping our country used by the Survey of India?

Ans. The scales which are commonly used for mapping are like 1: 1000000, 1: 250000, 1: 50000 and 1: 25000 by Survey of India.

Q.4. What is meant by one million sheets?

Ans. The whole country is planned to be divided in 4 × 4 degree sheets, each being numbered as 39, 40, 41 etc. They are also named after the names of famous town or city such as Delhi-Srinagar sheets. These are called one million sheet.

Q.5. What are contours?

Ans. Contours are imaginary lines which joins all places having the same height above the sea level.

Q.6. What does the spacing of contours indicate?

Ans. The vertical interval between two contours remains constant, the horizontal distance between the two varies place to place upon the nature of the slope. Contours are drawn at different intervals such as 20, 50, 100 metres above the sea level. It is spacing of contours. Spacing of contours is significant, it indicates the gradient of a region depicts the different types of landforms.

Q.7. What are conventional signs?

Ans. Signs used to show various physical and cultural features on the map are known as conventional signs.

Q.8. What is meant by layer colouring?

Ans. Layer colouring is also used to show elevation or depression such as the depth of water is shown in shade of blue varying from light blue to dark blue.

Q.9. What are the characteristics of conventional signs?

Ans. The major characteristics of the conventional signs is to give more and comprehensive information in less time and space. Other characteristics include

1. Easy to be drawn and comprehended.

2. Less expensive.

3. Meaningful.

4. Symbols, colours and letterings are used to depict various features and phenomena.

Q. 10. What colours are used by the Survey of India on topographic sheets?

Ans. The Survey of India used seven standard colours to depict the distributional pattern of land use on topographic sheets.

1. Red colour – For buildings and roads.

2. Yellow colour – For cultivated area.

3. Green colour – For forests.

4. Blue colour – For water bodies.

5. Black colour – For lettering boundaries and railways.

6. Brown colour – For contours.

7. Grey colour – For hill-shading.

Q.11. Write short notes on:

(i) Contours.

Ans. Contours: Contouring is a standard method of representing relief. Contours are imaginary lines drawn on the map which join points having the same elevation above the mean sea level. The method of showing relief through contours is perhaps the most precise, useful, common and popular. Contours are drawn on the basis of actual survey conducted in the field. Contours are drawn on different intervals such as 20, 50, 100 metres above mean sea level.

(ii) ‘Marginal Information’ in Topographical Sheets.

Ans. Marginal Information in Topographical Sheets: The information which are printed on the margins of the toposheets are called marginal information. These information include:

(i) The number of sheet and name of the region.

(ii) Extent of the region in longitudes and latitudes.

(iii) Directions.

(iv) The contour interval.

(v) Key.

(iii) The Survey of India.

Ans. The Survey of India: The Survey of India prepares topographical maps for all parts of the country on different scales like 1:100000, 1:50000, 1:25000. The Survey of India was established in 1767 during the rule of East India Company for conducting topographical surveys on their possessed land. The appropriate cartography technique has been adopted for mapping and with the help of improved printing the detailed topographic maps had made.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.1. What are conventional signs? What are their uses?

Ans. Conventional Signs. The common symbols including letters that are used for representing various relief and cultural features are called conventional signs.

Kinds of Conventional Signs. These are two types:

(i) Natural signs

(ii) Cultural signs.

(i) Natural signs: These signs are used for depicting the physical features of the earth’s surface such as relief, vegetation and drainage etc.

(ii) Cultural signs: These signs are meant for showing man-made things on the map, such as railways, roads and human settlement etc.

Use of Conventional Signs: It is essential for a geographer or a map reader to make himself familiar with the conventional signs. He can read almost every map easily. He can read even those maps which are in foreign languages since these symbols are universally accepted. Different colours are used for showing different objects in the conventional signs such as water is shown by blue colour, vegetation by green and man- made objects by black colour.

Q.2. Differentiate between the contours and form lines.

Ans. Contours: A contour is an imaginary line (drawn on map) joining the points having the same elevation above the sea-level.

Form Lines: These are broken lines. This method is used in association with contours to show the hilly or mountainous country. They are drawn without any precise measure units. They indicate the minor details which are not shown by contours.

Q.3. Write a short note on interpolation of contours.

Ans. The process of drawing contours with the help of height of various points on the map marked by spot heights, bench marks and triangulation stations is known as interpolation of contours. Following steps are necessary for interpolation of contours:

(i) First of all mark heights of various points on the map. It is worth remembering that large the number of points, better will be the interpolation.

(ii) Note the points having maximum and minimum heights. The difference between maximum and minimum heights is known as range of elevation.

Q.4. Explain what is meant by ‘map interpretation’ and what procedure is followed for its interpretation.

Ans. Description of features shown on a map is only a prelude to map interpretation. The letter involves a study of the factors that serve to explain the casual relationship among several features shown on a map. The procedure is followed in the common headings under which the map is interpreted are:

1. Marginal Information:

2. Relief features

(a) Drainage pattern.

(b) Natural vegetation.

3. Cultural features:

(a) Land use and occupation.

(b) Means of transport and communication.

(c) Human settlements.

1. Marginal Information: The informations which are printed on the margins of the toposheets are called Marginal Information or Primary Information. These informations include:

(i) The number of sheet and name of the region.

(ii) Extent of the region in latitudes and longitudes.

(iii) Directions.

(iv) The contour interval.

(v) The key.

2. Relief Features: To study the relief features of the given toposheet, we should take an eye survey of the entire area and make the various physical features depicted on the toposheet are to be pointed out. The gap between is to be marked and average heights are to be measured.

(a) Drainage Pattern: To study the drainage pattern of the toposheet, the major rivers and their tributaries are to be noted. Their catchment area to be marked. U-shaped and V-shaped valleys are to be identified. Slopes of the region are to be marked.

(b) Natural Vegetation: With the careful study of the given toposheet, determine the types of forests and trees and mention whether they are evergreen, deciduous, broad leave or coniferous. The distribution pattern of natural vegetation is also to be noted. It will help to understand the correlation between climate and vegetation. It will also determine the types of climate found in the given region.

3. Cultural Features: These features include the study of land use and occupation, transport and communication and human settlements.

(a) Land use and occupation: Although, the land use and occupation are not depicted on the toposheet, yet they can easily be deducted from the study of physical features depicted on the toposheet. A hilly region, a plateau, and a plain are naturally have a different forms of land use. A forest land invites the development of forest-based economic activities. Animal herding or dairy farming is the main occupation of grasslands. The quarries and mines depicted on the toposheet point towards the growth of mining occupation.

(b) Means of transport and communi-cation: These can be easily studied with the help of the conventional symbols or the key of the toposheet. Hence, you are to point out the different means of transport and communication by which the area of topo sheet is served. The correlation between the topographic features and the main lines of communication is to be noted. The means of transport and communication indicate the industrial development and prosperity of the people.

(c) Human settlements: The study of human settlements through light on the land use and occupation of the people is done. The urban centres are to be noted. What are their size and for what are they famous. Also find out the factors favourable for their growth.

As concern the rural settlements, you have to note the distribution pattern of human settlements. They may be circular or scattered.

Q.5. If you are interpreting cultural features of a topographical sheet, what information would you like to seek and how would you derive this information? Discuss with the help of suitable examples.

Ans. The cultural features are settlements, railway and roads, buildings. These features and their distribution pattern help in understanding the area. We will seek the information about these features. The information on means of transport and communication is sought from the given sheet through the questions such as: What are the means of transport in the region? How adequate are they? And are there post office and telephone lines? etc.

The next information will be derived about human settlements. This information will indicate the occupation, the land use etc., we will come to know that how many urban centres and industrial centres are there? How dense are the rural settlements? Are they uniformly distributed? Nucleated settlements with uniform distribution occur in relatively flat alluvial plains as in Uttar Pradesh. Along the coastal plains in Kerala we find linear pattern of settlements following old sand dense parallel to the coast.

Q. 6. Draw the conventional signs and symbols for the following features:

(i) International Boundary.

(ii) Bench Mark

(iii) Villages.

(iv) Metalled Road.

(v) Footpath with Bridge.

(vi) Places of Worship.

(vii) Railway line.

Ans.

Q.7. Draw the contours with cross section of the following:

(i) Convex slope.

Ans. Convex slope: In this relief features, the contours are closed at the foot and apart towards the top of the slope.

(ii) Plateau.

Ans. Plateau: It is an elevated land on nearly level surface having steep sides. Contours showing a plateau are mostly concentrated on its sides and its central part is almost without contours.