NCERT Class 10 Health and Physical Education Important Chapter 2 Effects of Physical Activities on Human Body

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NCERT Class 10 Health and Physical Education Important Chapter 2 Effects of Physical Activities on Human Body

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Effects of Physical Activities on Human Body

Chapter: 2

IMPORTANT QUESTION ANSWER

Short Questions and Answers

1. What is a healthy individual?

Ans: A healthy individual is one who has a healthy mind in a healthy body, which is achieved when various organ systems of the body function in harmony.

2. Which proteins are responsible for muscle contraction?

Ans: Movement of muscles takes place by the movement of molecules of muscle proteins called actin and myosin present in the muscle fibres.

3. What are the three types of muscles found in the human body?

Ans: The three kinds of muscles are voluntary (striated) muscle fibres, involuntary (unstriated) muscle fibres, and cardiac muscle fibres.

4. What is ATP?

Ans: Adenosine Tri Phosphate (ATP) is the chemical that releases energy in the cells and is known as biological energy.

5. What is the main function of the respiratory system?

Ans: Its main function is to ensure a continuous supply of oxygen to the body and the continuous removal of carbon dioxide from the body.

6. How is energy released from digested food?

Ans: Digested food (Glucose) oxidises by combining with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP.

7. What is muscle tone?

Ans: Due to continuous nerve signals during physical activities, muscles remain in a partial state of contraction, which is called muscle tone.

8. What causes muscle fatigue during prolonged sports activities?

Ans: Muscle fatigue is caused when available oxygen gets used up and lactic acid accumulates in the muscles over a long period of time.

9. What is Oxygen Debt?

Ans: During physical activities, oxygen gets speedily used up, and the rate of oxygen intake may not match the requirement, creating a temporary shortage called oxygen debt.

10. Define vital capacity.

Ans: Vital capacity is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled with maximum effort. It is the sum of Tidal Volume, Inspiratory Reserve Volume, and Expiratory Reserve Volume.

11. What is the residual volume of air?

Ans: Even after forced expiration, some air remains in the lungs and cannot be expelled; this is called residual air.

12. Name the four chambers of the human heart.

Ans: The four chambers of the heart are the left and right atria, and the left and right ventricles.

13. What is double circulation?

Ans: In one circuit of circulation, blood passes through the heart twice (heart to lungs, and heart to various body parts); this is termed double circulation.

14. What are LDL and HDL?

Ans: LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is known as bad cholesterol, while HDL (high-density lipoprotein) is good cholesterol that helps remove cholesterol from the body.

15. How do yogic practices like asanas affect respiration?

Ans: Asanas develop the muscles of the chest, abdomen, and lungs, making them active, and since rib cage muscles are involved, they indirectly improve respiration.

Long Questions and Answers

1. Explain how different organ systems of the human body function as an integrated whole during physical activities.

Ans: Physical activities are based on motor movements and coordination. The command for movement comes from the brain, which is a part of the nervous system. The required energy is obtained from food that is completely digested in the intestine (digestive system). Finally, this energy-giving food and oxygen reach all body parts through the action of the heart (circulatory system). Thus, multiple systems work in unison for the healthy maintenance of the body.

2. Describe the mechanism of breathing (inhalation and exhalation) in human beings.

Ans: During inhalation, the muscles of the rib cage and diaphragm contract and flatten. This increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, causing outside air to rush into the lungs through the nostrils, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi. During exhalation, the reverse happens: the rib cage muscles and diaphragm relax, and carbon dioxide-laden air from the lungs is forced out through the same pathway.

3. What are the beneficial effects of regular physical activities on the muscular system?

Ans: Regular physical activities cause muscle fibres to enlarge (increasing muscle size by up to 60 percent) and maintain good muscle tone. They lead to an increase in muscle proteins and blood capillaries, making ligaments and tendons more efficient. Regular exercise also ensures a long-term increase in muscle strength, delays muscle fatigue by slowing lactic acid accumulation, and helps in maintaining a correct posture and beautiful body shape.

4. Explain the process of blood circulation through the human heart.

Ans: Deoxygenated blood from all parts of the body is collected by veins and poured into the right atrium. From there, it goes to the right ventricle and is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for oxygenation. The oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the heart and is finally pumped through the arteries to all parts of the body before flowing back to the heart through veins.

5. Discuss the permanent changes that occur in the respiratory and circulatory systems due to regular physical exercise.

Ans: In the respiratory system, regular exercise increases the size of the lungs and chest volume, improves overall lung power through stronger respiratory muscles, and activates unused alveoli, which raises vital capacity up to 5500cc. In the circulatory system, the size and wall thickness of the heart increase, and the resting heart rate decreases due to higher efficiency. Furthermore, the number of active capillaries and blood cells increases, and bad cholesterol (LDL) decreases while good cholesterol (HDL) increases, preventing cardiac diseases.