NCERT Class 9 Social Science Important Chapter 12 Resistance and Resilience (1000-1700 CE)

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NCERT Class 9 Social Science Important Chapter 12 Resistance and Resilience (1000-1700 CE)

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Resistance and Resilience (1000-1700 CE)

Chapter – 12

Part – II: Understanding Society India and Beyond

Important Question Answer

Answer the Following Question:

1. What is the difference between ‘resistance’ and ‘resilience’ in the context of medieval Indian history?

Ans: Resistance refers to actively opposing or challenging a threat or foreign authority to protect political power, territory, or cultural identity through warfare, diplomacy, or alliances. Resilience is the capacity to endure, adapt, and sustain socio-cultural and spiritual traditions through difficult situations and political unrest.

2. Who defeated Muhammad Ghūrī in the Battle of Kasahrada in 1178 CE?

Ans: Queen Naiki Devi of the Chaulukya kingdom defeated Muhammad Ghuri at the Battle of Kasahrada near Mount Abu in 1178 CE.

3. How did the iqta system introduced by the Delhi Sultanate impact the peasantry?

Ans: Under the iqta system, land territories were assigned to military commanders for salary and revenue collection, which centralized authority and increased the land revenue tax burden on the peasantry.

4. What strategy did Mahārāṇā Pratāp adopt after the Battle of Haldighati (1576 CE)?

Ans: Maharaṇa Pratap adopted guerrilla warfare, utilizing the rugged Aravalli terrain to execute surprise attacks, raids, and ambushes against Mughal forces.

5. What role did the Bhil community play in Mewar’s resistance against the Mughals?

Ans: The Bhil community provided tactical support, archery skills, and guidance in the Aravalli terrain during Maharana Pratap’s campaigns. Their alliance is commemorated on Mewar’s Coat of Arms alongside a Rajput warrior.

6. Which 1671 CE battle marked a decisive Ahom naval victory over the Mughals?

Ans: The Battle of Saraighat in 1671 CE, where Ahom commander Lachit Borphukan defeated the Mughal naval fleet on the Brahmaputra River.

7. What were Bachari and how did they benefit the Ahom navy?

Ans: Bachari were light, fast boats specially built for river warfare, giving the Ahom navy a major strategic advantage in riverine combat over Mughal fleets.

8. Who established the Vijayanagara Empire in 1336 CE and where was its capital located?

Ans: Harihara and Bukka founded the Vijayanagara Empire in 1336 CE, establishing its capital near present-day Hampi in Karnataka.

9. How did Muthu Virappa Nayak III of Madurai demonstrate defiance against Mughal rule?

Ans: He refused to observe protocol or pay tribute when the Mughal emperor dispatched a royal slipper to his territory’s border as a symbol of imperial supremacy.

10. What core principle guided Chhatrapati Shivaji’s Maratha state?

Ans: The idea of Swarajya, the concept of establishing an independent, self-governing territory free from external control.

11. How did the Sikh community organize to resist Mughal hostility in Punjab?

Ans: Following the formation of the Khalsa by Guru Gobind Singh, the Sikhs formed armed military units called misals to defend their land and administrative structures.

12. Who led the Jat peasant uprising against Mughal taxation in 1669 CE?

Ans: Gokul Jat led the farming community of the Ganga–Yamuna Doab in a revolt against heavy economic exploitation and Mughal policies.

13. How did Chaitanya Mahaprabhu use sankīrtan as a form of social resistance?

Ans: He organized public sankirtan gatherings, involving community devotional singing across Bengal, to protest restrictions imposed on devotional practices by a local Qazi.

14. What is a havelī temple and why did it emerge in northern India?

Ans: A haveli temple is a temple designed to resemble a modest residential house without tall shikharas or grand entrances. Such temples were built in narrow lanes to avoid detection and destruction.

15. What was a hunḍī and how did it assist merchants in medieval India?

Ans: A hunḍī was a credit instrument and bill of exchange that allowed merchants to transfer money across long distances safely without carrying physical cash.

Answer the Following Question:

1. Explain Mewar’s sustained resistance against the Mughal Empire under Maharana Pratap and his successors.

Ans: (i) Siege of Chittor: Emperor Akbar besieged Chittor Fort, where Rajputs under Raṇa Udai Singh resisted before retreating to the Aravalli Hills to preserve their forces.

(ii) Battle of Haldighati and Guerrilla Tactics: Maharana Pratap confronted Akbar’s forces at Haldighati. He later utilized guerrilla warfare, taking advantage of the Aravalli terrain with tactical and archery support from the Bhil community.

(iii) Battle of Dewair: Maharana Pratap achieved a major victory at Dewair, destroyed Mughal outposts, and regained control over much of his ancestral territory.

(iv) Treaty of Autonomy: Maharana Amar Singh continued resisting military advances sent by Jahangir. Eventually, the Mughals negotiated a peace treaty that exempted Mewar’s rulers from personal court attendance and recognized Mewar’s political autonomy.

2. Analyze the factors and strategies that enabled the Ahom Kingdom of Assam to preserve its independence for nearly six centuries.

Ans: (i) Geographical Advantage and Terrain: The Ahoms capitalized on Assam’s dense forests, river networks, and heavy monsoons, avoiding open battlefields and exhausting invading forces.

(ii) The Paik System: The kingdom relied on the Paik administrative-military framework, which ensured efficient troop mobilization and labour management.

(iii) Naval Warfare Innovation: The Ahom navy built light, swift riverboats called bachari, giving them superior mobility over heavier Mughal vessels.

(iv) Defiance and Strategic Victories: King Jayadhvaj Singha defied a harsh treaty imposed by Mir Jumla in 1662 within a year. In 1671 CE, commander Lachit Borphukan won the Battle of Saraighat on the Brahmaputra River, halting Mughal eastward expansion.

3. Describe the strategic defence mechanisms of the Vijayanagara Empire and the Maratha Kingdom under Chhatrapati shivaji.

Ans: Vijayanagara Empire:

(i)  Founded by Harihara and Bukka near Hampi to check Delhi Sultanate expansion into southern India.

(ii) Protected by rocky topography and river systems, the state expanded south. Prince Kumāra Kampana defeated the Madurai Sultanate and restored temples such as Srirangam.

Maratha Kingdom and Swarajya:

(i) Guided by the ideal of Swarajya, or self-rule, Chhatrapati Shivaji built a network of hill and frontier forts, such as Raigad, Sinhagad, and Gingee.

(iii) Forts acted as self-sufficient military bases equipped with water stores and armouries, serving as command centres for swift guerrilla warfare attacks.

(iv) These defensive structures enabled the Marathas to withstand long sieges, draining Mughal resources during Emperor Aurangzeb’s Deccan campaigns.

4. How did the Bhakti movement and architectural adaptations in temple building demonstrate cultural resilience?

Ans: The Bhakti Movement:

(i) Promoted socio-religious equality and challenged rigid caste barriers through vernacular compositions, such as Eknath’s Marathi works and Sankardev’s Kirtan Ghosha in Assamese.

(ii) Public community singing, including sankirtan and satsang, fostered social solidarity. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu led public sankirtan gatherings in Bengal to oppose restrictions imposed by a local Qazi.

Architectural Adaptations in Temples:

(i) Temples served as important economic hubs managing land, trade, and art forms.

(ii) When large temples faced destruction, some communities constructed haveli temples resembling residential houses in narrow lanes, without visible shikharas or grand gateways, to preserve religious traditions.

5. Outline the main features of the Indian economy between 1000 and 1700 CE across agriculture, trade, and financial systems.

Ans: (i) Agrarian Production: Land revenue was the primary source of state income. Despite high taxation, agricultural productivity grew with the adoption of irrigation tools such as the Persian wheel and rope pulleys.

(ii) Financial Credit and Domestic Trade: Money changers called sarrāfs supported financial transactions. Credit instruments called hunḍi enabled secure long-distance transactions. Nomadic transport communities such as the banjaras linked rural farming regions with urban markets.

(iii) Maritime Commerce: Southern rulers like Kṛiṣhṇadevarāya, author of Amukthamalyada, supported trade and foreign merchants. Indian merchant groups, especially Gujaratis, participated in Indian Ocean trade networks connecting East Asia, the Middle East, and European trading companies.

Fill in the-Blanks

1. In 1178 CE, Queen Naiki Devi of the Chaulukya kingdom defeated Muhammad Ghūrī at the Battle of ______________ near Mount Abu.

Ans: Kasahrada.

2. The Ahom navy used light, fast boats called ______________ , which were built specifically for river warfare on the Brahmaputra River.

Ans: Bachari.

3. The Vijayanagara Empire was founded in 1336 CE near present-day Hampi by the brothers ______________  and ______________ .

Ans: Harihara and Bukka.

4. In the Maratha state, territorial control and sovereignty were closely tied to the concept of ______________ , meaning self-rule free from external control.

Ans: Swarajya.

5. Long-distance commercial transactions and credit transfers in medieval India were facilitated by financial bills of exchange known as ______________ .

Ans: Hunḍi.

True and False:

1. The Battle of Saraighat in 1671 CE resulted in a decisive naval victory for the Ahom kingdom under commander Lachit Borphukan against Mughal forces.

Ans: True.

2. The iqta system introduced by the Delhi Sultanate completely relieved the peasantry of land revenue taxes.

Ans: False.

3. The Bhil community provided tactical guidance, archery expertise, and support to Mahārāṇā Pratāp in the Aravalli Hills.

Ans: True.

4. Havelī temples were designed with tall shikharas and grand gateways on main streets to project imperial power.

Ans: False.

5. Guru Hargobind established the Akal Takht in Amritsar as a seat of temporal authority to counter Mughal political dominance.

Ans: True.