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Class 12 Political Science Chapter 7 Security In The Contemporary World
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Security In The Contemporary World
Unit -7
PART – 1
VERY SHORT ANSWER
Q.1. What is meant by security ?
Ans : Security in simple terms implies freedom from threats. But this does not mean that every single threat count as a security threat. Security actually release only to extremely dangerous threats which could endanger the core values that those values would be damaged beyond repair if we did not do something to deal with the situation.
Q.2. What do you understand by internally displaced people ?
Ans : People who have fled their homes but remain within national borders are called internally displaced people. For example Kashmiri Pandit who fled due to internal violence in Kashmir Valley.
Q.3. What is the purpose of conducting nuclear test by India ?
Ans : The purpose behind conducting nuclear tests by India was to protect her territory from her enemies who are also nuclear Technologically rich countries.
Q.4.What is meant by Human Security ?
Ans : Human Security means to the protection of people from any type of threats more than the protection of states.
Q.5. Give an example of global threat.
Ans : Global Warming is an example of Global threat.
Q.6. What is international terrorism ?
Ans : International terrorism is the situation which involves the citizens territory of more than one country. Terrorist groups seek to change a critical context or condition that they do not like by force or threat of force. Some international famous terrorist groups are AI-Qaeda, Hizbul Mujahideen,Lashkar-e-Taiba.
Q.7. What makes rich states get richer ?
Ans : Low population growth and high per capita income makes rich states get richer.
Q.8. What is Cooperative Security ?
Ans : Cooperative Security refers to a form of security dealing with many the non-traditional threats to security through cooperation rather than military confrontation.
Q.9. Why do people migrate ?
Ans : People migrate to seek a better life, specially better economic opportunities and standardable life.
Q.10. What is the full form of NATO ?
Ans : North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.
Q.11. In which year India first tested a nuclear device ?
Ans : India tested nuclear device in 1974 for the first time.
Q.12. In which year Global Security has emerged ?
Ans : Global Security has emerged in 1990’s.
Q.13. Give one example of Arms Control ?
Ans : Nuclear-Non-Proliferation Treaty.
Q.14. When Non Proliferation Treaty was signed ?
Ans : In 1968 Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty was signed.
Q.15. Write one component of India security strategy ?
Ans : The component of India’s security strategy is to strengthen its military power.
Q.16. What is pollution ?
Ans : Pollution is defined as the unfavourable alternation surroundings.
Q.17. What is meant by social safety nets ?
Ans : social safety net are protective measure to minimise the negative effects of globalisation on those who are economically weak.
Q.18. Fill in the blanks :
(a) Global, poverty is another source of……..
Ans : Insecurity.
(b) Security implied……… from threats.
Ans : Freedom.
(c) Non-traditional notions of security go beyond………..
Ans : Military attacks.
Q.19. How many states acceded to chemical weapons conventions ?
Ans : 181 States acceded to Chemical Weapons conventions.
Q.20. In what way the nation of disarmament help to avoid violence ?
Ans : The nation of disarmament by reducing armed forces help to avoid violence.
Q.21. Do all societies have the same conception of security ?
Ans : No, all societies do not have the same conception of security.
SHORT ANSWER
Q.1. Fill in the blanks.
(i) Non traditional views of security have been called…….. or ………….. .
Ans : Human Security, global security.
Q.2. What is the difference between traditional and non traditional security ?
Ans : traditional conceptions of security are principally concerned with the use, or threat of use, of military force. Its traditional security force is is both the principal threat to security and principle means of achieving security. Non traditional nations of security go beyond military threat to include a wide range of stress and changes affecting the conditions of man existence. In the traditional security conception, the regrant is the the state with its territory and governing institutions. In the non-traditional conceptions, the referent is expanded. Proponents of non traditional security reply “Not just the state but also individuals are commodities or indeed all of humankind.” Non-traditional views of security have been called human security aur Global Security creation and substance of alliances belong to the traditional security. An Alliance is a collection of states that code in their actions to deter or defend against military attack
Q.3. Write the difference between migrants and refugees.
Ans : The differences between migrants and refugees are :
(i) Migrants are those who voluntarily leave their home countries.
Refugees are those who flee for war, natural disaster or political persecution.
(ii) Migrants are not accepted by the state. But states are supposed to accept refugees.
Q.4. Give example of two health epidemics.
Ans : Two health epidemics are : Bird flu and Hanta virus.
Q.5. Mention two components of India’s security strategy.
Ans : The two components of India’s security strategy are :
(i) Strengthening its Military capabilities because India has involved in conflicts with its neighbours like- China and Pakistan
(ii) Strengthening International norms and international Institutions to protect its security interests.
Q.6. Do you think that terrorism is a threat to security? Why ?
Ans : Terrorism is rightly a non-traditional threat to security. Secondly it refers to political violence that threats civilians deliberately and in discriminately. Thirdly, International terrorism release the citizen or Territory of more than one country. Terrorists groups basically seek to change a political index.
Q.7. Mention two new sources of threats.
Ans : Two new sources of threats are : Terrorism And Global Poverty.
Q.8. How the security challenges faced by the newly independent countries are different from the challenges in Europe?
Ans : The security challenges faced by the newly independent countries are different from the challenges in Europe by like manner :
(i) The newly independent countries had to worry about internal military conflict.
(ii) they also had to face the prospect of military conflicts with neighbouring countries.
Q.9. What is the idea of Global Security ?
Ans : The idea of Global Security means protection from all the threats which affect the whole world.
Q.10. Mention new source of threats to individual ?
Ans : New source of threats to individual are : Global Poverty, Health Epidemics Terrorism.
Q.11. What is military threat? How is it the greatest danger to a country ?
Ans : Military threat is a threat of military action against a country. Military trade poses danger the sovereignty and integrity of a country.
Q.12. Write two component of traditional security policy ?
Ans : Alliance building and balance of power are two components of traditional security policy.
Q.13. Is terrorism a traditional or non-traditional threat to security ?
Ans : Terrorism is a non-traditional threat to security. It has been posing a very serious threat to international peace and security.
Q.14. Fill in the blanks :
(a) …………..that fled the violence in the Kashmir Valley are an example of an…………
Ans : Terrorism, organised violence.
(b) Human security is about the protection of……….more than protection of……….
Ans : individual, Nation-states.
(c) Non-traditional…………of security go beyond………
Ans : Notion,Military attack.
Q.15. What are the most important securities in a country against freedom of threats ?
Ans : Human security is the most important security in a country against freedom from threats.
Q.16. What are the different types of classification of Human Rights ?
Ans : First generation human rights, second generation human rights and third generation human rights.
Q.17. Name the three important International Organisations ?
Ans : UNO, IMF, World Bank are the three important International Organisations.
Q.18. What do you mean by ‘Human Right’ ?
Ans : Human Rights are basic claims for individual to enjoy some basic rice for full development. Human rights are inherent and inalienable.
LONG ANSWER
Q.1. What are the four components of traditional notion of security from external threats ? Give examples.
Ans : The four components of traditional notion of security are the following :
(i) Deterrence :- This means preventing an outbreak of major military conflict or war
(ii) Defence :- It refers to limiting or ending the war. Defence also means retaliating a war when it breaks out
(iii) Balance of power :- A country which is bigger and stronger may be seen as a threat in future by another country. Governments are therefore very sensitive to balance of power between their country and other countries. Balance of power reduces military attacks.
(iv) Alliance building :- An Alliance is a coalition of States that coordinate their actions to deter and defend against military attack. Ideologically aligned countries go for Reliance Building specially made three regional organisations like NATO, SEATO, Warsaw pact to defeat their common enemy.
Q.2. What is meant by human rights? What are the different types of human rights ?
Ans : Human Rights are those basic claims and conditions to which every individual is entitled as a human being ensures his/her fullest development.
Different types of Human Rights are :
(i) Political Right :-
(a) Freedom of speech.
(b) Freedom of assembly.
(ii) Economic Right.
(iii) Social Right.
(iv) Civil Right.
(v) Right of colonised people.
(vi) Right of ethnic and indigenous minorities.
Q.3. What is Balance of power ? How can a state achieve this ?
Ans : “Balance of power” is an important component of traditional security policy. When countries look around then they see some countries are bigger and stronger. This is a clue to who might be a threat in the future. There may be no obvious reasons for attack. But the fact that this country is very powerful is a sign that at some point in the future it may choose to be aggressive. Governments are, therefore very sensitive to the balance of power between their countries.
They do world hard to maintain favourable balance of power with other countries especially those close by, those with whom they have difference or with those they have had conflicts in the past. A good part of maintaining a balance of power is to build up one’s military power although economic and technological power are also important since they are the basis for military power.
Q.4. Do you think that to deal with non traditional threats to security cooperation is very important? How can International cooperation has to combat non-traditional threats ?
Ans : yes, it is true that to deal with non traditional threats to security, cooperation is very important, rather than military confrontation. Military force may have a role to play in combating terrorism or in enforcing human rights, but it is difficult to see what force would do to help alleviate poverty, manage migration and refugee movements and control epidemics. In most cases the use of military force would only make matters worse.
International cooperation to combat non-traditional threats like way :
(i) The international community may have to sanction the use of force to deal with governments that kill their own people or ignore the misery of their populations who are devastated by poverty, disease and catastrophe.
(ii) International community may have to agree to the use of violence against International terrorist and those who harbour them.
(iii) Non traditional security is much better when the use of force is sanctioned and applied collectively by the international community rather than when an individual country decides to use force on its own.
Q.5. What are the four components of the security strategy of India ?
Ans : India’s security strategy is a combination of four components which vary from time to time.These include-
(a) Strengthen military capability :- The first component was strengthening military capabilities because India has been involved in conflicts with its neighbours- Pakistan in 1947-48, 1865,1971and 1999;and China in 1962. Scenes it is surrounded by nuclear armed countries in the South Asian region India’s decision to conduct Tests in 1998 was justified by the Indian government in transfer of safeguard in national security India first tested and equality wise in 1974.
(b) Internal Security :- The second component of security strategy of India has been gearing up for challenges within the country several militant outfits in Kashmir, Punjab,Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram have, at several times, threatened to ticket from India causing a chaotic problem for internal security post of India has tried to stabilize National Unity by adopting a democratic political regime that follows different groups and communities to ventilate their grievances freely and share political power.
(c) Strengthen international norms and international institutions :- The third component of India’s security strategy has been to strengthen international norms and institutions to protect its security interests. India’s first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, supported the cause of Asian solidarity, decolonisation, disarmament and the UN as a forum in which international conflicts could be settled. India has agreed for an equitable New International Economic Order. Most importantly, it used non-alignment to help carve out an area of peace outside the block politics of the two superpowers.
India joined 160 countries that have signed and ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol for reducing the emission of harmful gases. Indian troops have been sent abroad on UN peace keeping missions in support of cooperative security initiatives.
(d) Economic growth :- There has been an increasing attempt to develop the Indian economy so that poverty, misery and inequalities cease to exist and people can apply their standard of living. Despite several attempts, India is still a poor country, but the democratic system allows even the least advantage to express their voice. Democratic government are always under pressure to increase the growth. Thus, democracy in India is not only a political rally it is a means to ensure greater security.
Q.6. Write four components of traditional security policy ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 1. (Long Answer)
| Sl. No. | CONTENTS |
| Unit 1 | PART – 1 |
| Chapter 1 | The Cold War Era |
| Chapter 2 | The End of Bipolarity |
| Chapter 3 | US Hegemony in World Politics |
| Chapter 4 | Alternative Centres Of Power |
| Chapter 5 | Contemporary South Asia |
| Chapter 6 | International Organisations |
| Chapter 7 | Security In The Contemporary World |
| Chapter 8 | Environment And Natural Resources |
| Chapter 9 | Globalisation |
| Unit 2 | PART – 2 |
| Chapter 1 | Era of One-Party Dominance |
| Chapter 2 | Challenges of Nation Building |
| Chapter 3 | Politics Of Planned Development |
| Chapter 4 | India’s External Relations |
| Chapter 5 | Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System |
| Chapter 6 | The Crisis of Democratic Order |
| Chapter 7 | Rise of Popular Movements |
| Chapter 8 | Regional Aspirations |
| Chapter 9 | Recent Developments in India Politics |
Q.7. What are the external threats facing the superpower countries ?
Ans : The superpower country faced military threat from outside which is known as external threats. This kind of external trade in danger sovereignty Independence and territorial integrity of a country.
Q.8. What is balance of power? How could a state achieve this ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 3. (Long Answer)
Q.9. What are the different concepts of protection to human security ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 1. ( Very Long Answer)
Q.10. Write a note on the problems of refugees ?
Ans : Due to war and violence people have to fled from their living place and seek safe heaven. These people are known as refuses. Due to war, conflicts and other armed disputes millions of people become homeless. They migrate because of threat of violence or due to destruction of the means of livelihood and living environments.
Q.11. Define health epidemies as a new source of treats ?
Ans : Health epidemic is a threat to global and human security because-
(i) One country’s success or failure in limiting the spread of the diseases affects infections in other countries.
(ii) Epidemics and diseases have major economic affects over a country. The economy of a country is affected as the government has to spend huge chunk of money in controlling the disease.
Q.12. Analyse the concept of Human Security ?
And : (i) Human security means protection of people more than the protection of states. Human security and state security can be considered as same but it does not automatically mean to secure people. Human security policy should protect people from violence as well.
(ii) The trade agenda of human security should include hunger,disease and natural disasters because these kills for more people than war genocide and terrorism combined.
Q.13. What did the BWCC Biology weapons conventions 1972 decide ?
Ans : Biological Weapons Conventions 1972 decided to ban the production and position of nuclear weapons.
Q.14. Write a note on ‘Territorial Security’.
Ans : Territorial security are primarily concerned with the use, or threat of use of military force. In territorial security force is both the principle that to security and principal means of achieving security. The state protect its territory institution by employing force.
Q.15. “Human security signifies freedom from want and freedom from fear” -Explain.
Ans : It is rightly said that the human security signifies freedom from want and freedom from fear. Threats like hunger, disease and natural disaster killed many people than war, genocide and terrorism. Human security policy should aim to protect people from these threats as well as violence. We can call it like this human security means freedom from want and freedom from fear”.
VERY LONG ANSWER
Q.1. What is human security ? Discuss the narrow concept and broad concept of Human Security.
Ans : Human Security means protection of people more than the production of States. Human security and state security should be – and often are the same thing. Protecting citizens from foreign attack may be a necessary condition for the security of individuals. That threat agenda of human security should include hunger disease and natural disasters because this kill more people than war genocide and terrorism combined.
All proponents of human security agree that its primary goal is the protection of individuals.
However, there are differences about precisely what threats individual should be protected from. The proponents of the “narrow” concept of human security focus on violent threats to individuals or as a former UN. Secretary-general Kofi Annan puts it the protection of communities and individuals from internal violence.
The proponents of the “broad” concept of human security argue that the threat agenda should include hunger, disease and natural disasters because these kill for more people than war, genocide and terrorism combined. They argued that Human Security policy should protect people from there threats as well as from violence. In its broadest formula formulation the the human security agenda also encompasses economic security and threats to human dignity. Put differently, the product formulation stresses what has been called “freedom from want”and “freedom from fear” respectively.
Q.2. What are the objectives of military alliances ?
Ans : An important constituent of traditional security policy is alliance building.
An Alliance is a coalition of state that maintain their actions to different against military attack. Alliances are based on national benefit and can change when National benefit change. For example, the US backed the Islamic militants in Afghanistan against the Soviet Union in 1980’s but later invaded them when Ai-Qaeda led by Osama Bin Laden launched terrorist strikes against America on 11th September, 2001.
The growing issue in the world was worsened by the setting up of military blocs. In the year 1949, the NATO was formed and deter aim against the Soviet Union. The member of NATO Alliance where the US, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Ireland, Portugal, Britain, France, Belgium, Holland, Luxemburg, Turkey, Greece, The federal Republic of Germany and Spain became its members latter. The pivotal change game when former Soviet Republic applied for the admission to the NATO. Important thing is that network has invited 7 Communist countries to participate the Western alliance in late 2002.
Q.3. ‘The non-traditional conception of security, focuses on the changing nature of threats to security’. What are these new threats ?
Ans : The non traditional conceptions both Human Security and Global Security focus on the changing nature of threats to security.
We will discuss some of these new threats in section below :
(a) Global Poverty :- One of the cause of insecurity is global poverty. The disparity between the developed and developing nations are ever increasing. Growth of population is the prime factor for poverty in the third world countries. It is estimated that was population will increase by 50% due to expansion of population in global south. High-growth, high per capita income, high literacy level and low population makes rich states richer while low per capita, income low literacy rate, slow growth, high population is likely to make the states poorer.
(b) Health epidemics :- Another modern source of thread is the health epidemic like sars, Hanta virus, ebola, bird flu etc. These diseases spread across continents within minutes creating health hazards. It is estimated that by 2003 over 4 crore people were affected by HIV-AIDS throughout the world. Inability to control these disease affects other Nations badly
(c) Human Rights :- Denial of human rights to different sections of people and is violation is also a non-traditional threat. It is seen that there is huge violation of human rights during ethnic clashes and in some state sponsored terrorism. There is a broad concern on human rights, but there is no unanimity on which set of rights should be treated as universal or what should be Global community do when rights are violated.
(d) Terrorism :- It is also a non traditional threat. Terrorism is organised political violence targeting civilians deliberately and indiscriminately. Global terrorism involves people or territory of more than one state. Terrorism groups use Terror as a potent weapon against national government opposing with the terrorists.
Q.4. Suggest one measures to avoid violence.
Ans : Following measures can be suggested to avoid violence :
(i) International cooperation :- Along with Bilateral Cooperation International Cooperation is also a strong ground to reduce violence. Nations at conflict should organise meetings and conventions at regular interval to reduce violence. “Jaw-Jaw is better than war-war”, is a proven fact and therefore this fact should be utilised to eradicate all sorts of violence and differences that exist between countries.
(ii) Arm and Ammunitions :- The position of arms and ammunitions of modern technology can avert violence. The enemies are always at a chance to attack a nation. But the presence of high-tech weapons will definitely reduce the chances of attack as it will act as deterrence.
(iii) Surrender :- Surrendering sometimes in front of enemies might reduce violence. If both groups of nations continues to fight then the level of violence increases leading to loss life and property. But surrendering by one party will prohibit the level of violence thereby allowing peace return soon.
(iv) Talk and Discussion :- Talks and discussions can also prevent violence. Peace talks by the Warring groups must sit together and find out a solution to their problems. This action will prevent the outbreak of War and violence. Even the United Nations Organisation believe this policy and exerts Nation to execute this policy.
Q.5. What is confidence building ? Is it a means of avoiding violence ?
Ans : Confidence building is a process in which countries share ideas and information with even their rivals. It is a means of avoiding violence. The countries each other about their military intentions and upto a point their military plans. This is a way of demonstrating that they are not planning a surprise attack. They also tell each other about the kind of forces their possess and they may share information on where those forces are deployed. In short confidence building is a process designed to ensure that rivals do not go to war from misunderstanding or misperception.
Q.6. What is non traditional notion of security? List old its areas of operation .
Ans : (a) Global Poverty :- One of the cause of insecurity is global poverty. The disparity between the developed and developing nations are ever increasing. Growth of population is the prime factor for poverty in the third world countries. It is estimated that was population will increase by 50% due to expansion of population in global south. High-growth, high per capita income, high literacy level and low population makes rich states richer while low per capita, income low literacy rate, slow growth, high population is likely to make the states poorer.
(b) Health epidemics :- Another modern source of thread is the health epidemic like sars, Hanta virus, ebola, bird flu etc. These diseases spread across continents within minutes creating health hazards. It is estimated that by 2003 over 4 crore people were affected by HIV-AIDS throughout the world. Inability to control these disease affects other Nations badly
(c) Human Rights :- Denial of human rights to different sections of people and is violation is also a non-traditional threat. It is seen that there is huge violation of human rights during ethnic clashes and in some state sponsored terrorism. There is a broad concern on human rights, but there is no unanimity on which set of rights should be treated as universal or what should be Global community do when rights are violated.
(d) Terrorism :- It is also a non traditional threat. Terrorism is organised political violence targeting civilians deliberately and indiscriminately. Global terrorism involves people or territory of more than one state. Terrorism groups use Terror as a potent weapon against national government opposing with the terrorists.
Q. 7. What are the differences between the threats faced by the people living in the third world and in the first world ?
Ans : After the end of second world war in 1945, U.S.A. Soviet Union and most of the European States appeared to be united and could expect peace within their borders. They face no serious threats from groups of communities living within their borders. Thus, these countries is focused primarily on the threats from outside their borders. On the other hand the security challenges facing the newly independent countries of the the third world were different from the challenges faced by those living in the first world (USA),Soviet Union and other Western European countries.
In the first place, these countries faced threats not from outside the borders, mainly from neighbouring countries, but also from within the countries. They feared their neighbours even more than they feared the USA on the Soviet Union or other former colonial powers. The quarrelled over boundaries and territories, of people and population for all of this simultaneously for control. Besides the newly independent states of the third world where worried about threats from separatist movements which wanted to secede from the mainland from their own independent states. A neighbour Might instigate or even help such a separatist movement leading to tension between the two neighbouring countries. The for the third world external was with neighbours and internal was also so posed a serious challenge to their security.
Q.8. Terrorism poses serious law and order problems and leads to disintegration of society. Justify the statement giving examples ?
Ans : It is rightly said that terrorism creates serious law and order problems, it also leads to disunity and disintegration of society. Terrorism is an organised form of violence. It targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately. Terrorist use terror as a potential weapon against national government and citizens.
Q.9. What is the Global poverty ? List out its Complex nature in the Global Arena ?
Ans : Global Poverty is one traditional threats to security. The disparity between the developed and developing nations are ever-increasing. Growth of overpopulation is the primary factor of increasing poverty in the third world countries. Global poverty has created some complex problem like literacy, underdevelopment, undernourishment, gap between the rich and poor etc.
Q.10. Write a note on Arms control ?
Ans : Arms control means Cooperative or multilateral approach to armament policy. It aims to reduce Weapons of mass destruction. Two example of arms control are START I and START II.
Q.11. Write a note on ‘Arms Race and its effects’.
Ans : Arms race refer to competition to acquire more sophisticated arms and ammunitions by the states for their National Security. It leads to more money and resources investment in buying and making weapons. It leads to tension and suspicious among the nations.
Q.12. Briefly discuss the characteristics of balance of power ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 3. (Long Answer)
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