Class 12 Logic And Philosophy Chapter – 8 Religion The answer to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse throughout different chapter Assam Board Class 12 Logic And Philosophy Chapter – 8 Religion and select needs one.
Class 12 Logic And Philosophy Chapter – 8 Religion
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C) Short type answers :- 3 marks each.
1) Mention three characteristics of Religion.
Ans:- The characteristics of religion are as follows :-
i) The motives and the driving forces in religion are the basic human wants and desires – survival, growth, well being, self – relization.
ii) Religion involves belief in a supreme power or powers on whom human beings depend for their well – being.
iii) Religion involves rituals which are believed to be way of winning the favour of God or gods.
2) Mention three important points of difference between Religion and Morality.
Ans:- There are some points of differences between religion and morality as follows :-
i) Religion has its centre in God while morality has its centre in man.
ii) It is conceivable that there may be a purely humanistic morality which contains no reference to the supernatural but religion would lose its essential nature if all reference to the supernatural is excluded from it.
iii) Religion is wider in scope than morality. Morality deals with goodness only but religion is more comprehensive as it includes other values i.e. the Beautiful, the True as well as the Good.
3) Describe Flint’s definition of Religion.
Ans:- According to Flint, “Religion is man’s belief in being or beings mightier than himself and inaccessible to his senses but not indifferent to his sentiments and actions, with the feelings and practices which flow from much a belief”.
4) According to Descartes “it is religion that makes morality” – No, I do not agree with the above view of Descartes. Because,
a) It deprives God of moral character. It supposes that moral distinctions are dependent on his arbitrary will and are therefore reversible by him. But the truth is that God is the perfect being and righteousness in an element of his nature. Thus, moral distinctions do not depend upon his arbitrary will, but upon his moral nature.
b) Men obey the moral law simply because God is almighty and he will reward or punish them according as they obey or disobey these laws. But acts done out of fear of punishment or in the hope of reward can never have moral merit.
5) What is the defect of Kant’s definition of Religion ?
Ans:- Kant defined religion as the “recognition of all our duties as divisions commandments”.
The defects of Kant’s definition of religion are as follows :-
In Kant’s definition of religion there is no room left for the mystic experience of fellowship with God, prayer, reverence and worship which are characetristics of religious experience. According to Kant, religion is not the source of morality but morality is the source of religion. But religion and morality are closely connected. Both morality and religion are indispensable for a complete and integral development of the individual.
6) What is religion according to Hegel ? What is the defect of the Definition ?
Ans:- According to Hegel, “Religion is the knowledge possessed by the finite mind of its nature as absolute mind”.
But Hegel’s definition is too much intellectual. He puts emphasis on the logical character of the absolute in complete disregard of its conative and volitional aspect. In religion we not only have knowledge of God but also try to enter into moral and spiritual relationship with certain superhuman power of reality whom we believe to be the master of our destiny. Religion devoid of feeling or devotion or worship and religious practice is nothing more than a barren abstraction.
7) State the definition of religion which is most satisfactory among the definition of religion. Write the name of the philosopher who is associated with this definition.
Ans:- The most satisfactory definition of religion is “Religion is man’s belief in a being or beings mightier than himself and inaccessible to his senses but not indifferent to his sentiments and actions, with the feelings and practices which flow from such a belief.
The name of the philosopher who is associated with this definition is Flint.
| Sl. No. | Contents |
| Chapter 1 | Nature of Inductive Enquiry Various Kinds of Induction |
| Chapter 2 | Grounds of Induction |
| Chapter 3 | Hypothesis |
| Chapter 4 | Mill’s Method of Experimental Enquiry |
| Chapter 5 | Realism – Naive Realism & Scientific Realism |
| Chapter 6 | Idealism |
| Chapter 7 | Ethics & Purusarthas |
| Chapter 8 | Religion |
D) Long type answers :- 4 marks each.
1) What are the different characteristics of Religion.
Ans:- The characteristics of religion are as follows :-
i) The motives and the driving forces in religion are the basic human wants and desires – survival, growth, well being, self – relization.
ii) Religion involves belief in a supreme power or powers on whom human beings depend for their well – being.
iii) Religion involves rituals which are believed to be way of winning the favour of God or gods.
iv) Like all major human activities, religion assumes a social institutions from.
2) State Kant’s definition of Religion. What are its defects ?
Ans:- Kant defined religion as the “recognition of all our duties as devine commandments”.
The defects of Kant’s definition of religion are as follows :-
In Kant’s definition of religion there is no room left for the mystic experience of fellowship with God, prayer, reverence and worship which are characetristics of religious experience. According to Kant, religion is not the source of morality but morality is the source of religion. But religion and morality are closely connected. Both morality and religion are indispensable for a complete and integral development of the individual.
3) Mention the points of difference between Morality and Religion.
Ans:- There are some points of differences between religion and morality as follows :-
i) Religion has its centre in God while morality has its centre in man.
ii) It is conceivable that there may be a purely humanistic morality which contains no reference to the supernatural but religion would lose its essential nature if all reference to the supernatural is excluded from it.
iii) Religion is wider in scope than morality. Morality deals with goodness only but religion is more comprehensive as it includes other values i.e. the Beautiful, the True as well as the Good.
iv) Morality implies progress towards the infinite while religion implies progress within the infinite.
v) Religion is more characteristically an emotional experience than morality. This is the difference that aws expressed by Mathew Arnold’s definition by religion as ‘Morality touched by emotion’.
vi) Morality depends entirely in the consciousness of freedom whereas religion moves in the opposite sphere of necessity.
4) Discuss the view that religion and morality are independent.
Ans:- This view states that religion and morality are independent of each other. Neither religion rises out of morality nor morality rises out of religion. But each springs from a distinct source in the human mind. Religion arises out of a ‘feeling of dependence’ on power or powers higher than man for self preservation and well being. Morality again, arises from the idea and aspiration toward perfection of self Morality thus springs up in the human mind at a higher stage of its development. Though religion and morality arise independently of each other, yet it is found that intellectual and moral development lead to a final synthesis between the two.
5) Mention four points of similarity between religion and morality.
Ans:- The four points of similarity between religion and morality are:-
a) Both religion and morality believe in God.
b) Both of them believe in immortality of the soul.
c) Both springs from a distinct source in the human mind.
d) Both religion and morality influence each other.
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