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SEBA Class 10 Health Care Important Chapter 1 Immunization
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Primary Healthcare and Medical Emergency
Chapter: 1
| IMPORTANT SOLUTIONS |
A. Short Type Question & Answer:
1. What is immunity?
Ans: Immunity is the ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells.
2. What are the two primary types of immunity?
Ans: The two main types are Innate (inborn/natural) immunity and Adaptive (acquired) immunity.
3. Define immunization.
Ans: Immunization is the process of protecting an individual from a disease through the introduction of live or killed attenuated organisms into the person’s system to create immunity.
4. Name three common mild side effects of immunization.
Ans: Common mild side effects include fatigue, headache, and fever.
5. When was the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) launched in India?
Ans: The UIP was launched by the Government of India on November 19, 1985.
6. Name four diseases that are protected by vaccination under the UIP.
Ans: Four diseases protected under the UIP are Diphtheria, Pertussis (Whooping cough), Tetanus, and Polio.
7. What does the term “AEFI” stand for in immunization?
Ans: AEFI stands for Adverse Events Following Immunization, which is a medical incident that takes place after an immunization and causes concern.
8. What is the main objective of the Pulse Polio Immunization Programme?
Ans: The main objective is to eliminate poliomyelitis (polio) in India by vaccinating all children under the age of five years against the polio virus
9. When is the BCG vaccine given to infants, and what is its route of administration?
Ans: The BCG vaccine is given at birth through the Intra dermal (ID) route.
10. What are National Immunization Days (NIDs)?
Ans: NIDs are Supplementary Immunization Activities (SIAs) during which the entire country is covered simultaneously to administer oral polio vaccines to children aged 0-5 years.
B. Fill in the Blanks:
1. The Latin term “immunis” means the state of protection from ________.
Ans: Infectious disease.
2. ________ immunity refers to a naturally occurring immunity driven by the genetic constituents and the physiology of a person.
Ans: Innate.
3. The Universal Immunization Program (UIP) was launched by the Government of India on November 19, ________.
Ans: 1985.
4. Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) is an unusual severe side effect of immunization that causes an abrupt onset of fever, vomiting, and ________ within a few hours.
Ans: Watery diarrhea.
5. The biggest achievement of the immunization program is the eradication of ________.
Ans: Smallpox.
C. True or False:
1. Adaptive immunity generates a rapid, non-specific immune response.
Ansr: False.
2. The BCG vaccine is administered at birth through the intra-dermal (ID) route.
Ans: True.
3. Passive immunity is highly effective because it generates an immunological memory.
Ans: False.
4. The Pulse Polio Immunization programme was launched in India in 1995 to eliminate poliomyelitis by vaccinating children under the age of five.
Ans: True.
5. Under the Universal Immunization Program (UIP), vaccines are exclusively provided only to infants and children.
Ans: False.
D. Match the items in Column A with the correct descriptions in Column B.
| Column A | Column B |
| (i) BCG Vaccine | (a) Generates a specific immune response and develops memory cells |
| (ii) Pulse Polio Immunization Programme | (b) Launched in India in 1995 |
| (iii) Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) | (c) Launched on November 19, 1985 |
| (iv) Adaptive Immunity | (d) Howrah district of West Bengal (January 2011) |
| (v) Vitamin A | (e) Given orally to prevent Vitamin A deficiency |
| (vi) India’s last reported polio case | (f) Given at birth (0.05 ml Intradermal) |
| (vii) RNTCP | (g) Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program |
Ans:
| Column A | Column B |
| (i) BCG Vaccine | (f) Given at birth (0.05 ml Intradermal) |
| (ii) Pulse Polio Immunization Programme | (b) Launched in India in 1995 |
| (iii) Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) | (c) Launched on November 19, 1985 |
| (iv) Adaptive Immunity | (a) Generates a specific immune response and develops memory cells |
| (v) Vitamin A | (e) Given orally to prevent Vitamin A deficiency |
| (vi) India’s last reported polio case | (d) Howrah district of West Bengal (January 2011) |
| (vii) RNTCP | (g) Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program |
E. Long Type Question & Answer:
1. Differentiate between innate and adaptive immunity.
Ans: Innate immunity refers to a naturally occurring immunity based on a person’s genetic constituents and physiology, whereas adaptive immunity is an acquired immunity characterized by an immunological memory. Innate immunity is always present in the body and generates a rapid, non-specific immune response. In contrast, adaptive immunity is generated in response to an external factor, produces a specific immune response, and involves a delayed reaction of 5 to 6 days. Furthermore, innate immunity relies on physical barriers, chemical barriers, plasma proteins, and phagocytes without developing memory cells. Adaptive immunity is mediated by T cells and B cells, develops memory cells, and has a higher potency and diversity.
2. What is the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP), and what are its main objectives and scope?
Ans: The Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) is a nationwide vaccination programme launched by the Government of India on 19 November 1985 to protect children and pregnant women against vaccine-preventable diseases. The main objectives of the UIP are to increase immunization coverage, improve the quality of immunization services, establish and maintain an effective cold chain system, monitor programme performance, and achieve self-sufficiency in vaccine production. Under the programme, vaccines are provided free of cost to eligible beneficiaries, including pregnant women and children, through government health facilities, outreach sessions, and Anganwadi centres. The UIP provides protection against 12 vaccine-preventable diseases nationally, including Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Poliomyelitis, Hepatitis B, Measles, Rubella, Rotavirus diarrhoea, Pneumococcal disease, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and Japanese Encephalitis (in endemic districts).
3. Describe the key components of the Pulse Polio Immunization Programme.
Ans: The Pulse Polio Immunization Programme was established in India in 1995 to eliminate poliomyelitis by vaccinating all children under five years of age. The program relies on several key strategies, starting with maintaining high coverage of Routine Immunization using three doses of the oral polio vaccine for infants aged 0 to 1 year. It also relies heavily on Supplementary Immunization Activities (SIAs), which involve the simultaneous administration of oral polio vaccines to all children aged 0 to 5 years. These SIAs consist of National Immunization Days (NIDs) covering the entire country and Sub National Immunization Days (SNIDs) covering specific states or areas. Additionally, “mop-ups” are conducted immediately after a virus is identified to interrupt transmission, and this is supported by the intense surveillance and investigation of Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) cases.
4. Define immunity and explain the differences between active and passive immunity.
Ans: Immunity comes from the Latin word “immunis” (meaning protection from infectious disease) and is the ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin through the action of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells. Active immunity occurs when a person’s own immune system produces antibodies in response to direct contact with an antigen. It generates a delayed response but creates an immunological memory that may last for a long time. Passive immunity, on the other hand, is a short-term protection acquired by introducing pre-produced antibodies from outside the body. Unlike active immunity, it provides a rapid response, lacks immunological memory, and is safe and applicable even in immunodeficient individuals.
5. Why is immunization important, and what are its potential side effects?
Ans: Immunization is important because it protects individuals and communities from communicable diseases by building immunity and reducing the spread of infections. It helps reduce mortality, morbidity, and the direct and indirect costs associated with diseases. Mass vaccination has led to major public health achievements, such as the eradication of smallpox and the elimination of wild poliovirus in India. Vaccines are safe, effective, and cost-efficient, although they may cause some side effects. Common mild side effects include fatigue, headache, fever, nausea, dizziness, mild rash, and tenderness or swelling at the injection site. In rare cases, severe side effects such as anaphylaxis, sepsis, seizures, and Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) may occur. TSS is characterized by the sudden onset of fever, vomiting, and watery diarrhea.
6. Explain the cold chain system and logistics used under the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP).
Ans: The cold chain system is a critical component of the UIP, designed to store and transport vaccines within a recommended temperature range directly from the point of manufacture to the point of use. Vaccines are initially distributed to four Government Medical Store Depots located in Karnal, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata, as well as to regional and state stores. The transportation from these regional stores to district divisions is carried out using insulated vaccine vans carrying cold boxes, while vaccine carriers with icepacks are used to deliver vaccines from Primary Health Centres (PHCs) to outreach sessions in villages. Designated health personnel, known as cold chain handlers, are tasked with the daily upkeep of Ice Lined Refrigerators (ILRs) and Deep Freezers (DFs), including strict temperature charting.
7. Detail the national immunization schedule for an infant from birth to 14 weeks.
Ans: At birth, an infant receives the BCG vaccine (0.05ml intra-dermal), the Hepatitis B-0 dose (0.5ml intra-muscular), and two drops of bOPV-0 orally. At 6 weeks of age, the infant is scheduled for the first doses of bOPV, Pentavalent, Rotavirus, and Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV), along with a fractional dose of Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV). When the infant reaches 10 weeks, the second doses of bOPV, Pentavalent, and Rotavirus are administered. Finally, at 14 weeks of age, the schedule dictates the third doses of bOPV, Pentavalent, and Rotavirus, as well as the second dose of the fractional IPV and the second dose of the PCV vaccine.
8. What role do surveillance systems play in the management of Vaccine Preventable Diseases (VPDs) in India?
Ans: Surveillance systems for Vaccine Preventable Diseases (VPDs) are essential for creating an evidence base that enables the planning and deployment of effective health interventions. India utilizes various surveillance models, such as the Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP), which acts as a case-based system to detect early warning signals of disease outbreaks. Another major asset is the National Polio Surveillance Project (NPSP), which is technically supported by the WHO and has been highly successful in monitoring acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and measles across the country. Additionally, the AEFI (Adverse Events Following Immunization) surveillance system monitors immunization safety, detects and responds to medical incidents following vaccination, and helps correct unsafe immunization practices.
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