NIOS Class 12 Biology Chapter 2 The Kingdoms: Monera, Protoctista and Fungi

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NIOS Class 12 Biology Chapter 2 The Kingdoms: Monera, Protoctista and Fungi

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The Kingdoms: Monera, Protoctista and Fungi

Chapter: 2

MODULE – I: DIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION OF LIFE

NIOS TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS ANSWERS

INTEXT QUESTIONS 2.1

1. What is the chemical nature of the circular single chromosome of a bacterium? 

Ans. DNA.

2. Name the special region in the bacterial cell where genetic material lies.

Ans. Nucleoid.

3. What is the main component of cell wall in prokaryotes?

Ans. Peptidoglycan.

4. State one point of difference between flagella and pili.

Ans. Difference between Flagella and Pili:

Flagella	Pili
Flagella are long and whip-used for locomotion.	Pili are small and useful in sexual reproduction or conjugation in bacteria.

5. Give one difference between aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.

Ans. Difference between Aerobic an Anaerobic Bacteria:

Aerobic bacteria	Anaerobic bacteria
They respire in the presence of oxygen.	They respire in the absence of oxygen.

6. What is transferred during sexual recombination in a bacterium?

Ans. A fragment of DNA strand in transferred.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 2.2

1. Name of the bacteria that:

(i) Fix the atmospheric nitrogen in the soil ___________.

Ans. Rhizobium leguminosarum.

(ii) Set milk into curd ___________.

Ans. Lactobacillus.

(iii) Cause tuberculosis ____________.

Ans. Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

(iv) Cause tetanus ___________.

Ans. Clostridium tetani.

2. Approximately how many bacteria may be obtained from one bacterium in an hour?

Ans. The number is approximately eight. 

3. Give any three differences between bacteria and cyanobacteria.

Ans. Differences between Bacteria and Cyanobacteria:

Characteristics	Bacteria	Cyanobacteria
1. Size	Smaller Cells	Larger Cell.
2. Flagella	May have flagella	May not have flagella.
3. Cellular Organization	Unicellular	Unicellular or multicellular.
4. Pili	Present	Absent.
5. Sexual Reproduction	Reproduce sexually	Do not reproduce sexually.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 2.3

Q.1. Protoctists are single called like the Monera. Why have they been put in a sepa-rate kingdom? Answer in one short sentence.

Ans. The protists are eukaryotes having a true nucleus.

Q.2. Name the protozoan which causes:

(i) Amoebic dysentery.

Ans. Entamoeba histolytica.

(ii) Malaria.

Ans. Plasmodium vivax or malarial parasite.

Q.3. Which is the kind of asexual reproduction found in Protoctista?

Ans. Asexual type-binary fission occurs.

Q.4. Through which organelle of the protoctists does respiration occur?

Ans. By mitochondria respiration occurs.

Q. 5. Name the organelle responsible for regulating water content (osmoregulation) in amoeba.

Ans: Contractile vacuole (C.V.) in amoeba.

6. Name two kinds of locomotion found in protoctista.

Ans: (i) Pseudopodial (by pseudopodia). 

(ii) Ciliary (by means of cilia).

INTEXT QUESTIONS 2.4

Q.1. Name the slender filaments that form the body of a fungus.

Ans: Mycelium (made of Hyphae).

Q.2. What are types of reproduction found in fungi?

Ans: (a) Asexual. and 

(ii) sexual reproduction. 

Q.3. Draw two small figures to show asexual reproduction in yeast.

Ans: See Fig. 2.25:

Fig. 2.25. Budding in Yeast (a) A bud is forming and nucleus is dividing.

(b) Bud formed and nucleus divided.

(c) Further Budding forms a chain.

Q.4. Which are the four main kinds of fungi?

Ans’ (a) Slime moulds.

(b) Mushrooms and toadstools.

(c) Yeasts. and 

(d) Lichens.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 2.5

Q.1. Name:

(i) The fungus from which Penicillin is  extracted _________.

Ans: Penicillium notatum.

(ii) A is unicellular fungus ____________.

Ans: Yeast.

(iii) The fungus which causes wheat rust __________.

Ans: Puccinia graminis tritici.

(iv) The whitish cottony mass growing on stale bread is __________.

Ans: Mycelium, Rhizopus.

(v) Two common diseases caused by fungi _________.

Ans: Ringworm and athlete’s foot.

 2. Who discovered antibiotic properties of penicillin?

Ans. Alexander Flemming (1928).

TERMINAL EXERCISES

1. Draw a labelled diagram of a typical bacterial cell.

Ans: See Fig. 2.26, below:

2. List the different nutritional categories of bacteria and protoctists. 

Ans: Four nutritional categories of Bacteria and Protoctists:

S.No.	Bacteria	Protoctists
1	Autotrophs	Photosynthetic nutrition.
2	Saprotrophs	Saprotrophic nutrition.
3	Parasites	Parasitic nutrition.
4	Symbionts	Symbiotic nutrition (Lichens).

Q. 3. Draw the labelled diagrams to show binary fission in bacteria.

Ans: See Fig.

Fig. 2.27. Binary Fission in Bacteria.

4. How does amoeba normally reproduce? Draw diagrams to represent the process. 

Ans: Reproduction in Amoeba: It repro-duces by binary fission normally. A cell divides into two daughter cells.

Fig. 2.28. Asexual Reproduction in Amoeba

5. Draw a labelled diagram of Euglena.

Ans: See the figure.

Fig. 2.29. Euglena.

6. What are the common features of diatoms which justify their inclusion in protoctists?

Ans: (i) Diatoms are eukaryotic and unicellular organisms.

(ii) These occur in fresh water, marine water and soil.

(iii) Diatoms have nucleus and chloroplasts. 

(iv) They have membrane bound cell organelles.

7. Write a paragraph on economic importance of the protoctists?

Ans. Economic importance of the protoctists:

(i) Some protozoan protists cause diseases in man, e.g., Plasmodium causes malaria. Entamoeba histolytica causes amoebic dysentery in man.

(ii) Diatoms form phytoplankton of the oceans which are producers.

(iii) Diatoms are used as food by aquatic animals.

(iv) Diatoms form diatomaceous earth. 

8. List any three characteristics of fungi.

Ans: Three characteristics of fungi: 

(i) Plant body made up of hyphae which may be septate or aseptate.

(ii) All fungi are eukaryotic.

(iii) All fungi are heterotrophs.

9. What are mycorrhizae?