NCERT Class 9 Arts Important Chapter 8 Rāga and Tāla

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NCERT Class 9 Arts Important Chapter 8 Rāga and Tāla

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Rāga and Tāla

Chapter: 8

IMPORTANT QUESTION ANSWER

Short Questions Answer

1. What are the invariant notes (S and P) in Indian classical music called? 

Ans: They are known as achala-svara or prakṛiti-svara.

2. What are the variant notes (R, G, M, D, N) called? 

Ans: They are known as chala-svaras or vikṛiti-svaras.

3. How many total note positions (svara-sthānas) are there in an octave? 

Ans: There are 12 note positions in total.

4. Define a ‘Rāga’ in one sentence. 

Ans: A rāga is a melodic framework in Indian Classical Music that comprises a set of notes.

5. What is the classification of rāgas based on the number of notes called in Hindustani Music? 

Ans: It is called the Rāga-jāti.

6. How many svaras (notes) are used in a Saṁpūrṇa rāga scale? 

Ans: A Saṁpūrṇa rāga uses 7 svaras.

7. Name an example of an Auḍava (5-note) rāga in Hindustani music. 

Ans: Bhūpālī is an example of an Auḍava rāga.

8. Who established the system of mathematically deriving 72 meḻakartā scales? 

Ans: It was established by Venkatamakhi.

9. In which treatise was the 72 Meḻakartā system published? 

Ans: It was published in the treatise Chaturdaṇḍī-Prakāśhikā in the eighteenth century.

10. What is another name for Meḻakartā rāgas? 

Ans: They can also be referred to as Janaka (parent) rāgas.

11. Who developed the Thāṭ system in Hindustani music? 

Ans: The Thāṭ system was developed by musicologist Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande.

12. How many different Thāṭs exist in the Hindustani classification system? 

Ans: There are 10 different thāṭs.

13. Does a ‘Jatisvaram’ composition contain lyrics? 

Ans: No, a Jatisvaram generally has no lyrics or sāhitya.

14. What are the Vādī and Saṁvādī notes in Rāga Alhaiyā Bilāval? 

Ans: The Vādī is D (Dhaivata) and the Saṁvādī is G (Gāndhāra).

15. What is a ‘Ṭhekā’ in Hindustani Music? 

Ans: It is the basic pattern of tabla strokes or rhythmic syllables that defines a tāla.

16. What is the first and most important beat of a tāla cycle called? 

Ans: It is called the Sam.

17. What does ‘Khālī’ mean in a tāla? 

Ans: It is an unstressed or ‘empty’ beat in a tāla, usually marked by a wave of the hand.

18. How many mātrās (beats) does Teen Tāla have? 

Ans: Teen Tāla has 16 mātrās.

19. How many vibhāgs (divisions) are there in Jhaptāla? 

Ans: Jhaptāla has 4 vibhāgs (divided as 2, 3, 2, 3).

20. On which mātrās do the Tālī (claps) fall in Jhaptāla? 

Ans: The Tālī falls on the 1st, 3rd, and 8th mātrās.

Long Answer Type Questions

1. Explain the 72 Meḻakartā System used in Carnatic Music. 

Ans: The 72 meḻakartās form the basic scale system of Carnatic Music. Each meḻakartā rāga is a complete scale that uses all seven svaras in both its ārohaṇa (ascending) and avarohaṇa (descending) order. These 72 different scales are created mathematically by systematically combining the lower and higher variants of the chala-svaras (R, G, M, D, and N). This system was established by Venkatamakhi in the eighteenth century. These rāgas are also known as Janaka (parent) rāgas, and many janya (derived) rāgas are created from them by eliminating notes or changing their order.

2. Describe the Thāṭ System of classifying rāgas in Hindustani Music. 

Ans: The Thāṭ system is a method used to group Hindustani rāgas based on the specific notes they use. A thāṭ itself is a musical scale consisting of all 7 svaras (S R G M P D N) arranged in sequential order. Based on the different combinations of the pure and variant forms of the 5 chala-svaras (R, G, M, D, and N), exactly 10 different thāṭs are formed. All Hindustani rāgas belong to one of these 10 thāṭs. This structured system was developed by Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande in the early twentieth century to make the study of rāgas easier.