Class 12 Geography Chapter 14 Human Settlement of India

Class 12 Geography Chapter 14 Human Settlement of India The answer to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse throughout different chapters SCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 14 Human Settlement of India and select need one.

Class 12 Geography Chapter 14 Human Settlement of India

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Also, you can read the SCERT book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per SCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines. These solutions are part of SCERT All Subject Solutions. Here we have given Assam Board/NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 14 Human Settlement of India Solutions for All Subject, You can practice these here…

Human Settlement of India

Chapter: 14

PART-2

GEOGRAPHY

TEXTUAL QUESTION & ANSWER

Q.1. Which one of the following is not located on a river bank?

(a) Agra

(b) Kolkata

(c) Bhopal

(d) Patna

Ans :-  (c) Bhopal.

Q.2. Which one of the following is not the part of the definition of town as per the census of India?

(a) Population size more than 5,000 persons

(b) Presence of municipality, corporation, cantonment etc . 

(c) Population density more than 400 per sq. km.

(d) More than 75% of the population is engaged in the primary sector. 

Ans :- (d) More than 75% of the population is engaged in the primary sector.

Q.3. Which one of the following environments does one expect the presence of dispersed rural settlements?

(a) Alluvial plains of Ganga 

(b) Arid and semiarid regions of Rajasthan

(c) Lower valleys of the Himalayas 

(d) Forests and hills in Northeast India

Ans :-  (d) Forests and hills in Northeast India.

Q.4. Which of the following urban agglomerations records the highest population figure?

(a) Kolkata

(b) Greater Mumbai

(c) Delhi

(d) Bangalore

Ans : (b) Greater Mumbai.

VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER

Q.5. What are garrison towns? What is their function?

Ans :- The towns which have the cantonments of the forces are termed as garrison towns. Ambala Jalandhar, Mhow, Babina, Udhampur etc. are the examples of garrison towns.

Function :

(i) These have cantonments

(ii) The needs of the forces are satisfied by them.

(iii) Forces equipment are kept here.

Q.6. What are metropolitan cities? How are they different from urban agglomerations? 

Ans :-  Cities accommodating population size between one to five million are called metropolitan cities .

Metropolitan cities differ from urban agglomeration in the respect of size of population, i.e. those urban areas or cities the size of population are more than five million are urban agglomeration.

Q.7. How an urban agglomeration is identified?

Ans :-  An urban agglomeration can be identified by the following three combinations.

(i) a town and its adjoining urban out growths.

(ii) two or more contiguous towns with or without their outgrowths. 

(iii) a city and one or more adjoining towns with their outgrowths together forming a contiguous spread.

Q.8. What are the main factors for the location of villages in desert regions? 

Ans :- The main factors for the location of villages in desert regions?

are :

(i) Fertile land

(ii) Availability of water

(iii) Availability of grasses or vegetations.

Q.9. In which type of environment usually dispersed rural settlements expected?

Ans :- Dispersed or isolated settlements appear in the form of isolated huts or hamlets of few huts in remote jungles or on small hills with farms or pasture on the slopes.

Q.10. What is Helmeted Settlement?

Ans :- Fragmented settlements into several units physically separated from each other are termed as Helmeted settlements.

Q.11. What do you mean by Clustered Settlement?

Ans :-  Compact or closely built up areas of houses are termed as clustered settlements.

SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER (MARKS -3)

Q.12. Give a note on the sizes and types of settlements 

Ans :-  Settlements vary in size and type. They range from a hamlet to metropolitan cities. With size, the economic character and social structure of settlements changes and so do its ecology and technology Settlements could be small and sparsely spaced, they may also be large and closely spaced. The sparsely located small settlements are called villages, specializing in agriculture or other primary activities. On the other hand, there are fewer but large settlements which are termed as urban settlements which are termed as urban settlements specializing in secondary and tertiary activities.

Q.13. What are the basic differences in rural and urban settlements? 

Ans :-  The basic differences in rural and urban settlements are:

(a) Urban settlements contain a heterogeneous population consisting of different ages, cultures and ethnicities, whereas rural areas contain a more homogenous population based on family, similar ethnicities and fewer cultural influences. 

(b) Urban settlements are more expansive and contain a wide range of land uses. For instance, major metropolitan areas use density zoning to indicate different levels of development. In contrast, rural settlements are more or less self-contained and may not use zoning controls or have limited planning and development regulations.

(c) The U.S. Census Bureau defines urban settlements as areas with more than 50.000 people and at least 1.000 people per square mile including contiguous census tracts or blocks with at least 500 people per square mile. In contrast, rural settlements contain less than 2,500 people, at a density between one and 999 people per square mile.

(d) Rural transportation networks consist of local and county roads with limited interconnectivity to rail and bus lines. Urban settlements contain highway infrastructure as well as airports and light or heavy commuter rail.

(e) Urban areas are dependent on a global economy of import and export, whereas rural economies rely on a local and agricultural based economy with dependencies on services, such as hospitals and educational establishments in nearby urban centers.

Q.14. Establish the link between rural and urban settlements.

Ans :- The link between rural and urban settlements are : 

(i) In contrast to rural settlements, urban settlements are generally compact and larger in size.

(ii) People are in such settlements engaged in a variety of non- agricultural, economic and administrative activities. 

(iii) Cities are functionally linked to rural areas around them.

(iv) Exchange of goods and services is performed sometimes directly and sometimes through a series of market towns and cities.

(v) The cities are connected directly as well as indirectly with the villages and also with each other.

(vi) Urban settlements are those settlements which have secondary and tertiary activities predominantly.

Q.15. Give a brief note on urbanization in India.

Ans :- The level of urbanisation is measured in terms of percentage of urban population in total population. The level of urbanisation in India in 2001 was 28 percent, which is quite low in comparison to developed countries. Total urban population has increased eleven fold during the twentieth century. Enlargement of urban centres and emergence of new towns have played a significant role in the growth of urban population and urbanisation in the country. But the growth rate of urbanisation has slowed down during the last two decades.

Q.16. What are the functions of Garrison town?

Ans :-The towns which have the cantonments of the forces are termed as garrison towns. Ambala Jalandhar, Mhow, Babina, Udhampur etc. are the examples of garrison towns.

Function :

(i) These have cantonments

(ii) The needs of the forces are satisfied by them.

(iii) Forces equipment are kept here.

Q.17. What are the factors responsible for the location of villages in the Desert.

Ans :-  The main factors for the location of villages in desert regions?

are :

(i) Fertile land

(ii) Availability of water

(iii) Availability of grasses or vegetations.

LONG TYPE QUESTION & ANSWERS (MARKS – 5)

Q.1. Discuss the basic classification on the basis of population size. 

Ans :-. Census of India classifies urban ventures into six classes as presented in Table Urban centre with a population of more than one lakh is called a city or class I town. Cities accommodating population size between one to five million are called metropolitan cities and more than five million are mega cities. Majority of metropolitan and mega cities are urban agglomerations.

An urban agglomeration may consist of any one of the following three combinations :

(i) a town and its adjoining urban outgrowths,

(ii) two or more contiguous towns with or without their outgrowths, and 

(iii) a city and one or more adjoining forming contiguous spread Examples of urban outgrowth are railway colonies, university campus, port area, military cantonment, etc. located within the revenue limits of a village or villages contiguous to the town or city. 

It is evident from Table that more than 60 percent of the urban population in India lives in Class I towns. Out of 423 cities, 35 cities/urban agglomerations are metropolitan cities (Fig.). Six of them are mega cities with populations over five million each. More than one-fifth (21.0%) of the urban population lives in these mega cities.

Among them, Greater Mumbai is the largest agglomeration with 16.4 million people. Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore and Hyderabad are other mucositis in the country.

Q.2. Discuss the factors responsible for different settlement patterns in different physical environments. 

Ans :- The factors which are responsible for the settlement patterns in different physical environments are –

(a) Nature of terrain : Dispersed type of settlements is found in remote jungles, small hills of Himachal Pradesh Compact settlements are found in highly productive alluvial plains of Punjab.

(b) Altitude : Dispersed settlements are found in hills of Meghalaya and clustered and semi-clustered settlements are found in Gujarat plains. 

(c) Climate : due to frequent droughts settlement may become hamleted.

(d) Availability of water : Scarcity of water in Rajasthan has resulted in development of compact settlements.

Q.3. Examine the features of different types of Rural Settlement.

Ans :- Features of different types of rural settlements :

(i) Clustered, agglomerated or nucleated settlements.

(ii) Semi- clustered or fragmented.

(iii) Hamleted

(iv) Dispersed or isolated.

(v) The clustered or agglomerated or nucleated rural settlement is a compact or closely built up area of houses. The general living area is distinct and separated from the surrounding farms, barns and pastures. Such settlements are generally found in fertile alluvial plains and in the northeastern states. Rectangular, radial, linear etc are common shapes of this type of settlement.

(ii) Semi-clustered settlements may result from a tendency of clustering in a restricted area of dispersed settlement and from fragmentation of a large compact village. Here, the land-owning and dominen community occupies the central part of the main village.

(iii) Sometimes settlements are fragmented into several units physically separated from each other bearing a common name, which are called hamleted settlements. These are locally called panna, para palli, nagla, dhani etc in various parts of the country.

(iv) Dispersed or isolated settlements appear in the form of isolated huts or hamlets of few huts in remote jungles or on small hills with farms or pasture on the slopes.

Extreme dispersion of settlement is often caused by the extremely fragmented nature of the terrain and land resource base of habitable areas.

Q.4. Describe towns on the basis of activities. 

Ans :- On the basis of the activities Indian towns can be classified in the following manner.

(i) Administrative towns and cities. Examples : New Delhi, Guwahati.

(ii) Industrial towns. Examples : Jamshedpur, Bhilai.

(iii) Transport towns. Examples : Visakhapatnam. 

(iv) Commercial towns. Examples: Kolkata, Sahranpur.

(v) Mining towns. Examples : Raniganj, Jharia, Digboi. 

(vi) Garrison Cantonment towns. Examples : Ambala, Jalandhar, Babina.

(vii) Educational towns. Examples : Roorkee, Aligarh, Pilani.

(viii) Religious and cultural towns. Examples: Varanasi, Mathura. Puri, Ajmer.

(ix) Tutorist towns. Examples: Nainital, Mussoorie, Shimla, Ooty.

Q.5. Describe the function are classification, towards. 

Ans : Indian cities and towns can be broadly classified as follows: Administrative towns and cities :  Towns supporting administrative headquarters of higher order are administrative towns, such as Chandigarh.

New Delhi, Bhopal, Shillong. Guwahati, Imphal, Srinagar, Gandhinagar, Jaipur Chennai, ete.

Industrial towns : Industries constitute the prime motive force of these cities such as Mumbai, Salem, Coimbatore, Modinagar, Jamshedpur, Hugli, Bhilai, etc.

Transport Cities : They may be ports primarily engaged in export and import activities such as Kandla, Kochchi, Kozhikode, Visakhapatnam, etc. or hubs of inland transport such as Agar, Dhulia, Mughal Sarai, Itarsi, Katni, ete.

Commercial towns : Towns and cities specialising in trade and commerce are kept in this class. Kolkata, Saharanpur, Satna, etc. are some examples.

Mining towns : These towns have developed in mineral rich areas such as Raniganj, Jharia, Digboi Ankleshwar. Singrauli, etc.

Garrison Cantonment towns : These towns emerged as garrison towns such as Ambala, Jalandhar, Mhow, Babina, Udhampur, etc.

Q.6. Write the characteristics of various towns developed in an evolutionary process in India. 

Ans :-  Ancient Towns :

(i) Numerous towns in India have historical background spanning over 2000 years.

(ii) Most of them developed as religious and cultural centres.

– Varanasi is one of the important towns among them. 

-Prayag (Allahabad). Pataliputra (Patna), Maduria are some other, ancient towns in India.

Medieval Towns :

(i) About 100 of the existing towns have evolved in the medieval period.

(ii) Most of them developed as headquarters of principalities and kingdoms.

(iii) These are fort towns which came up on the ruins of ancient towns. Important towns of this category are Delhi, Hyderabad. Jaipur, Lucknow. Agra, Nagpur, Mysore etc.

Modern Towns :

(i) The British and other Europeans have developed a number in India.

(ii) They first set up towns around coastal locations.

(iii) The first developed some trading parts like Surat. Daman, God Pondicherry, etc.

(iv) The British later consolidated their hold around three principal nodes 

– Mumbai (Bombay), Chennai (Madras) and Kolkata (Calcutta) 

(v) They built them in the British style.

(vi) Rapidly extending their domination directly or through control over the princely states, they set up their administrative centres, hill towns as summer resorts, and added new civil administrative and military areas to them.

(vii) Towns based on modern industries also evolved after 1850.

 -Jamshedpur is an example of such towns.

(viii) 1947, a large number of towns have been developed as administrative headquarters, like Chandigarh. Bhubaneshwar, Gandhi Nagar, Dispur etc. and industrial centres like Durgapur, Bhilai, Shind, Barauni.

(xi) Some old towns also developed as satellite towns around metropolitan cities like Ghaziabad, Rohtak, Gurgaon around Delhi.

(x) With increasing investment in rural areas, numerous medium and small towns have developed all over the country.

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