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NIOS Class 12 Sociology Chapter 12 Marriage
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Marriage
Chapter: 12
MODULE 2: SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
INTEXT QUESTIONS 12.1
Q.1. Write True or False against the statement:
Marriage is a social relationship that marks the beginning of family life.
Ans. True.
Q.2. Mark the correct answer:
Marriage is an important institution because:
(a) It is a permanent bond between husband and wife.
(b) It aims of procreation and maintenance of children.
(c) It regulate sexual behaviour and social harmony.
(d) All the above.
Ans. (d) All the above.
Q.3. Fill in the blank:
Society gives approval to the marital relationship of man and woman in …………… and/or …………… ceremony.
Ans. Civil and Religious.
Q.4. What is marriage? Define it in one sentence. (M. Imp.)
Ans. Marriage is an institution to satisfy physical, psychological, social, cultural and economic needs of men and women. It permits men and women to establish a stable relationship with each other in order to form a family.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 12.2
Q.1. Mark the correct answer:
The form of marriage in which one man marries several women is called:
(a) Fraternal polyandry.
(b) Non-fraternal polyandry.
(c) Polygyny.
(d) Polyandry.
Ans. (c) Polygyny.
Q.2. Write True or False against the statement:
Monogamy is the most widely prevalent form of marriage all over the world.
Ans. True.
Q.3. Fill in the blank:
Marriage by …………….. is the most common form of marriage among most of the Indians.
Ans. negotiation.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 12.3
Q.1. Mark the correct answer:
Marriage of a man of high caste with a woman of lower caste is called:
(a) Anuloma marriage.
(b) Pratiloma marriage.
(c) Polygamy.
(d) Polyandry.
Ans. (a) Anuloma marriage.
Q.2. Fill in the blanks:
Marriage between a man and sister of his deceased wife is called …………….. .
Ans. Suroate.
Q.3. Write True or False against the statement:
Partiloma marriage is marriage between woman of low caste and man of higher caste.
Ans. False.
Q.4. Match the following:
| (a) Exogamy | (i) Marriage of a widow with her husband’s brother. |
| (b) Endogamy | (ii) Marriage between the children of either two brothers or two sisters. |
| (c) Levirate | (iii) Marriage within one’s own social group. |
| (d) Parallel cousion marriage | (iv) Marriage outside one’s own social group. |
Ans.
| (a) Exogamy | (iv) Marriage outside one’s own social group. |
| (a) Exogamy | (iii) Marriage within one’s own social group. |
| (c) Levirate | (i) Marriage of a widow with her husband’s brother. |
| (d) Parallel cousion marriage | (ii) Marriage between the children of either two brothers or two sisters. |
INTEXT QUESTIONS 12.4
Q.1. Mark the correct answer:
Which of the following can be considered important function of family:
(a) Sexual fulfilment.
(b) Procreation of children.
(c) Economic support.
(d) All the above.
Ans. (d) All the above.
Q.2. Write True or False against the statement:
Marriage helps in the survival of groups as well as their culture. (True/False)
Ans. True.
Q.3. ‘Marriage performs important function for the group as well as individual.’ State whether this statement is right or wrong.
Ans. Right.
Q.4. Mention economic function of marriage. (M. Imp.)
Ans. 1. Marriage provides valuable and reliable help to an individual in economic activities. The couple i.e. the husband and wife, work together at home, in the field or forest, in the cottage industry or in any other occupation to support the family they have set up. They also look after each other’s economic needs.
2. Husband and wife (both of them), take care of their children’s economic requirements such as food, clothing, shelter, education, medical and recreational needs and so on.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 12.5
Q.1. Write True and False against the statement:
The Hindu marriage can be dissolved at will.
Ans. False.
Q.2. Tick the correct answer:
The most popular form of Hindu marriage is:
(a) Brahma.
(b) Prajapatya.
(c) Daiva.
Ans. (b) Prajapatya.
Q.3. Match the following:
| (a) Arsha | (i) Marriage through proper negotiation between parents. |
| (b) Gandharva | (ii) Marriage by mutual consent of the boy and the girl. |
| (c) Daiva | (iii) Marriage to a Brahmin priest. |
| (d) Prajapatya | (iv) Marriage after presentation of a pair of cows or bulls by the groom to the bride’s father. |
Ans.
| (a) Arsha | (iv) Marriage after presentation of a pair of cows or bulls by the groom to the bride’s father. |
| (b) Gandharva | (ii) Marriage by mutual consent of the boy and the girl. |
| (c) Daiva | (iii) Marriage to a Brahmin priest. |
| (d) Prajapatya | (i) Marriage through proper negotiation between parents. |
Q.4. Muslim marriage is a civil contract. State whether this statement is right or wrong.
Ans. Right.
Q.5. What are the four forms of Muslim marriage?
Ans. (i) Nikah.
(ii) Fasid.
(iii) Muta. and
(iv) Batil.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 12.6
Q.1. Write True and False against the statement:
Hindu marriage are indissoluble even by legal means.
Ans. False.
Q.2. Mark the correct answer:
The attitude towards marriage is becoming:
(a) Utility-based.
(b) Tradition-based.
(c) Reasoning-based.
Ans. (a) utility based.
Q.3. Match the following:
| (a) Traditional arranged marriage | (i) Based on family status & caste considerations. |
| (b) Modern arranged marriage | (ii) Based on caste and dowry consideration. |
| (c) Choice marriage | (iii) Based on mutual likes and dislikes. |
Ans.
| (a) Traditional arranged marriage | (i) Based on family status & caste considerations. |
| (b) Modern arranged marriage | (ii) Based on caste and dowry consideration. |
| (c) Choice marriage | (iii) Based on mutual likes and dislikes. |
Q.4. Mark the correct answer:
Arranged marriages are opposed by the boys and girls because of:
(i) Exorbitant dowry demands.
(ii) Disregard of opinion of the boy and the girl.
(iii) Caste and religious restrictions while selecting mates.
(iv) All the above.
Ans. (iv) All the above.
TERMINAL EXERCISES
Q.1. Explain briefly the functions of marriage. (M. Imp.)
Ans. Functions of Marriage: Marriage in society performs the following basic functions:
(i) Satisfaction of sex: Marriage brings the two individuals together and allows them to have sex with each other in a socially approved manner.
(ii) Procreation and nurturing of children: Marriage fulfils the functions of producing child and bringing them up according to social norms. A human child requires much more care and protection to survive than the off-springs of animals.
(iii) Economic co-operation and security: Marriage provides valuable and reliable help to an individual in economic activities. Parents earn money doing works or services in different professions. They generally take care of their children’s economic requirements such as food, clothing, shelter, education, medical and other needs.
(iv) Companionship and economic support: Marriage provides a constant companion, a life partner in the form of husband’s and wife. Affection of children for each other grows with each passing year. Different members of the family help each other in managing the family affairs.
Q.2. Explain the types of marriage based on numbers of mates giving suitable examples. (V. Imp.)
Ans. Types of Marriage on the basis of number of mates: Marriage may be classified into two types on the basis of number of husbands or wives a person may have at time:
(a) Monogamy.
(b) Polygamy.
(a) Monogamy: (Mono = single, gamy = marriage) Monogamy is that form of marriage in which a man/woman remains married to only one woman/man at a time. One can marry in certain extraordinary circumstances such as the death of the spouse (husband or wife) or divorce. Monogamy is the most prevalent form of marriage the world over.
(b) Polygamy: (poly = many, gamy = marriage) In this form of marriage, a man or woman’s is permitted to marry more than one woman or man and live with all the wives/ husbands at the same time.
Polygamy may be further subdivided into two types:
(i) Polygyny.
(ii) Polyandry.
(i) Polygyny: (poly = many, gyny = female) Polygyny is that form of marriage in which a man is married to more than one woman.
Polygyny is permitted among the Muslims. Many tribal societies also follow polygyny. Historically also polygyny was practised. In ancient India you might recall that Raja Dasratha, father of Lord Sri Ram, had three wives.
Q.3. State the objectives of marriage among the Hindu.
Ans. The objectives of marriage among the Hindus: In Hindu society, marriage is an important Sanskar. It is a religious duty. Sanskar is a ritual which purifies a person. Every Hindu must perform the religious duty i.e. dharma of getting married. Through this, a person enters the second stage of life i.e. ‘Grihastha Ashram’, leaving behind the stage of Brahmacharya Ashram.
In traditional Hindu society, only a married man gets the right to participate fully in all the social and religious activities along with his wife.
The main objectives behind a Hindu marriage are the following:
(i) Performance of religious duty: Dharma.
(ii) Giving birth of children: Praja.
(iii) Sex satisfaction: Rati.
Among the three objectives of Hindu marriage, the objectives of Dharma has been given the greatest importance. It implies that one must marry in order to fulfil one’s socio-religious duties. A married couple is expected to give birth to children who may carry on the family tradition to the next generation.
Sex-gratification is considered yet another objective of marriage in Hindu society. But, it is not the sole objective or the most important objective.
Q.4. How is Muslim marriage different from a Hindu marriage? (M. Imp.)
Ans. Differences between Muslim marriage and a Hindu marriage:
Muslim Marriage:
1. Muslim marriage or Nikah is a civil contract between a man and a woman for the purpose of legalization, sexual relationship and the procreation of children. In this sense, it is different from Hindu marriage.
2. The Muslim marriage-contract or agreement, can be broken at the will of the husband or wife. It can also be broken if either the husband or the wife fails to carry out the promises made at the time of marriage.
3. Muslim marriage is soleminized in the presence of witnesses including a priest-the Maulvi. The Maulvi recites holy hymns from the Koran and asks the bride and the groom to give their consent. Also, the husband much agree to pay the dower or the Mahr to his wife in the event of a divorce.
4. There are four forms of Muslim marriage:
(i) Nikah.
(ii) Fasid.
(iii) Muta.
(iv) Batil.
5. Types of divorce among the Muslim are:
(i) Talaq.
(ii) Khula.
(iii) Mubarat.
6. Divorce among the Muslim is obtained by a very simple procedure. A husband can divorce his wife by using the word, “talaq” thrice. But the husband must pay the dower (Mahr) promised by him to compensate the loss of financial stability provided by him.
7. A wife can also obtain divorce from her husband provided he agrees to her proposal of divorce. Such a divorce is called Khula (release).
8. If wife and husband separate by mutual consent, such dissolution of marriage is called Mubarat.
9. Marriage can also be dissolved by legal means through Muslim Divorce Act, 1939.
Hindu Marriage:
1. Hindu marriage is a sacrament which purifies a person. Marriage is considered so sacred that there is no provision for divorce in the Hindu texts. In fact, marriage is considered a union of two souls which remain faithful to each other forever.
2. The martial rites are performed before the most sacred God Agni (the Fire God) by reciting passages or mantras from the sacred scriptures. A sacred person, the Brahman, solemnizes the marriage.
3. The bride and the groom exchange many promises to remain dutiful and faithful to each other. Well-wishers bless the couple for a happy married life.
4. It is indissoluble in the eyes of religion, but divorce is now granted legal under Hindus Marriage Act, 1955.
5. Educated boys and girls are opting for choice-marriage to avoid caste and religious restrictions as well as dowry.
6. Divorce is increasing because husbands and wives are not ready to tolerate endless misconduct from each other.
7. The Special Marriage Act, 1954 has recognized inter-caste and inter-religious marriage. The Hindu Widows Remarriage Act, 1856 has permitted widows to remarry.
8. The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 has banned giving and taking of dowry.
9. The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 has fixed the minimum age of marriage of the boy at twenty one and the girl at eighteen.
Q.5. Write a short note on the following:
(i) Prajapatya marriage.
(ii) Sahi Nikah.
(iii) Types of divorce among the Muslims.
(iv) Changing attitude towards marriage.
Ans. (i) Prajapatya Marriage: In Prajapatya marriage, a father gifts his daughter to a man after proper negotiation with his parents. Most of the marriages among the Hindus are of this nature.
(ii) Sahi Nikah: The marriage which conforms to the rules of marriage as laid down in the Koran the holy book of Muslims, is termed as regular marriage or Nikah or Sahi Nikah.
(iii) Types of divorces among the Muslims: There are three (or four) types of divorce prevail among the Muslims.
There are:
(a) Talaq or Sahi Talaq.
(b) Khula.
(c) Mubarat.
(d) Through legal means, under the 1939.
(a) Talaq or Sahi Talaq: Divorce among the Muslims’ is obtaining by a very simple procedure. A husband can divorce his wife by using the word Talaq thrice. But husband must pay the dowry (Mahr) promised by him to compensate the loss of financial stability provided by him.
(b) Khula: A wife can also obtain divorce from her husband provided he agrees to her proposal of divorce. Such a divorce is called Khula (release).
(c) Mubarat: If wife and husband separate by mutual consent, such dissolution of marriage is called Mubarat.
(d) Divorce under Muslim Divorce Act: A Muslim marriage can also dissolved by legal means through Muslim Divorce Act, 1939.
(iv) Changing attitude towards marriage:
1. Monogamy is becoming more popular: There has been a change in the form of marriage, that is, from plurality of partners of polygamy to one partner or monogamy. In modern era, monogamy is the most popular form of marriage.
2. Inter-caste marriage becoming more popular:
(a) Process of selection of marital partner has also undergone changes in many ways. The boys and girls are selecting their mates who may belong to other castes. Such inter-caste marriages are now coming to be increasingly accepted by society and the family.
(b) The Special Marriage Act, 1954 has recognized inter-caste and inter-religious marriages. The boy and girl may marry in the presence of the Marriage Officer by signing a document.
3. New Basis of it is Mutual attractions and Good Nature: The selection of life-partners is now done more and more by the boys and girls themselves on the basis of mutual attraction and similarity of nature etc. The role of parents in the selection of mates is decreasing-especially in urban areas.
4. Merits are considered by new couples: The criteria of selection has also undergone considerable change. Earlier, the elders of the family finalized the marriage proposal after considering family status, etc. Status is important even now but due importance is also given to the comparative merit of the boy and the girl their likes and dislikes as well.
5. Later Age Marriage: The boys and girls are getting married at a later age. The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 has stipulated that the boy must have completed twenty-one years and girl must be over eighteen years at the time of marriage. Child marriage has been banned by The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929.
6. Divorce permitted among the Hindus: The Hindu marriage was considered indissoluble carlier. But the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 has permitted divorce among the Hindus. As a result, the stability of marriage has been adversely affected. But the good aspect of it is that the husband and wife can get rid of each other if they are mutually incompatible unhappy.
7. Widow-remarriage: Widow-remarriage has been permitted by the Hindu Widow Re-Marriage Act, 1856. Earlier widows were not allowed to marry again.
8. Ban on Dowry:
(a) The dowry demand is touching new heights among certain sections of society. Girls are being harassed and even killed by their in-laws for bringing insufficient dowry. The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 has banned giving and taking of dowry. However, the Act is not very effective.
(b) To fight dowry, caste, religious and parental pressures, the educated boys and girls are going in for marriage by choice instead of accepting arranged marriages.
SOME OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q.1. Define the following words/terms Marriage, Affinal relation, Exogamy, Endogamy, Hypogamy, Taboo, Consanguineous relations. (V. Imp.)
Ans. Marriage: H.M. Johnson has defined marriage as a stable relationship in which a man and a women are socially permitted, without loss of standing in to have children.
Affinal Relation: Relationship by marriage like husband and wife.
Exogamy: Marriage outside a defined group e.g. gotra, village.
Endogamy: Marriage within a defined group. e.g. kinship, caste.
Hypogamy: Marriage of daughter to a man of lower caste class.
Hypergamy: Marriage of daughter with a man of higher class or caste.
Taboo: Prohibited conduct or behaviours.
Consanguineous Relation: Relationship blood like brother and sister.
Q.2. Discuss in short the following three terms / words:
(i) Polygamy.
(ii) Polygyny.
(iii) Monogamy.
Ans. Polygamy: When marriage involves more than one mate at one time.
Polygyny: When more than one woman is married to a man.
Monogamy: When marriage involves one husband and one wife above.
Q.3. Write the meaning of the Affinal Relation.(Imp.)
Ans. Affinal Relation: Relationship created by Marriage is called affinal relation. For example, the relationship of husband and wife.
Q.4. What is the role played by society is establishing legal-sex relationship?
Ans. The sex-relationship in human society in highly constrained. Who, when, and with whom will have this relationship is determined by society. For regulating legal sex-relationship, society has designed and evaluated the institution of marriage.
Q.5. Why Marriage is called an universal institution? (V. Imp.)
Ans. 1. Marriage is called an Universal Institution because it is practised in all human societies throughout the world.
2. Every society from primitive to modern time has had the institution of marriage but its form and nature has varied from time to time, from society to society.
Q.6. Write in short three reasons responsible for the emergence of the institution of marriage.
Ans. Three most important reasons for the emergence of the institution of marriage are:
(a) Sexual gratification, which is a biological need.
(b) Legitimation of children born out of such union, which is a social need.
(c) Economic co-operation which is an economic need.
Q.7. Write a short note on legitimi-sation of children.
Ans. Legitimisation of Children:
1. Regulation of cohabitation in civilized society is essential so as to grant legitimacy to the children born out of the union.
2. Society puts a legal and moral responsibility on the shoulders of parents to care and bring up the children for the perpetuation of society.
