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NIOS Class 12 Mass Communication Chapter 26 Types of Traditional Media
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Types of Traditional Media
Chapter: 26
TEXT BOOK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
INTEXT QUESTIONS 26.1
1. Choose the correct answer:
(i) Tamasha is performed in:
(a) Tamil Nadu.
(b) Kerala.
(c) West Bengal.
(d) Maharashtra.
Ans. (d) Maharashtra.
(ii) Nautanki is popular in:
(a) South India.
(b) Western India.
(c) Eastern India.
(d) Northern India.
Ans. (d) Northern India.
(iii) Khayal is a form of:
(a) Dance.
(b) Music.
(c) Folk theatre.
(d) Street theatre.
Ans. (c) Folk theatre.
(iv) Habib Tanvir is a popular name in:
(a) Tamasha.
(b) Nautanki.
(c) Khayal.
(d) Street theatre.
Ans. (d) Street theatre
(v) Street theatre is also called:
(a) An expensive medium.
(b) A rigid medium.
(c) Irrelevant medium.
(d) Mobile theatre medium.
Ans. (d) Mobile theatre medium.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 26.2
1. Match the following:
| (i) Glove puppet | (a) Urdu poetry |
| (ii) Rod puppet | (b) Figure made of leather |
| (iii) Ghazal | (c) Pava koothu |
| (iv) String puppet | (d) Putul Nach |
| (v) Shadow | (e) Kathputli |
Ans.
| (i) Glove puppet | (c) Pava koothu |
| (ii) Rod puppet | (d) Putul Nach |
| (iii) Ghazal | (a) Urdu poetry |
| (iv) String puppet | (e) Kathputli |
| (v) Shadow | (b) Figure made of leather |
INTEXT QUESTIONS 26.3
1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate word/s:
(i) Symbols and motifs are examples of ………….. art forms.
Ans. Traditional.
(ii) Bundelkhand paintings are done by professional painters called ……………. .
Ans. Chiteras.
(iii) Women of the …………… community in Chattisgarh are specialists in ………….. .
Ans. Rajwar, Lipai.
(iv) Paintings of the Gondwana region are done by ………….. and ………….. tribes.
Ans. Gond, pardhan.
TERMINAL QUESTIONS
1. Discuss how different forms of traditional media serve the purpose of communication?
Ans. The types of traditional media are dramas, street, theatre, puppetry, dance, story telling, song, music, painting and motifs and symbols.
Dramas
Drams is one of the most popular forms of traditional media. After completing their work in field, farmers celebrate their joy of leisure. Performances there centre around sufferings, daily work, future dreams and mythology. They use natural colours for make- up.
Tamasha
Tamasha performance can be seen in Maharashtra. We can know about their ancient rulers, maratha heroism their rugged landscape, their music etc.
Nautanki
The nautanki form found in northern India entertain their audiences with their vulgar and disrespectful stories. Rooted in the peasant society of pre-modern India, this theatre provides with lively dancing, pulsating drumbeats and full throated singing.
Khayal
It is mainly performed in Rajasthan. It is a combination of song, dance and dramas. In this form of folk theatre, music plays an important aspect. It is not performed only for entertainment purpose but it is an essential means of communication. There is lot of variety in the use of singing.
Street theatre
This performance medium is inspired from Indian drama forms. They are performed in any nukkad (street corner), street, market, etc. In such a such situation, there is difference between the audience and performance. This helps in establishment of a rapport between the performers and the audience. Close eye-contact with the audience is an important element in street theatre.
This keeps the audience busy even the actor is surrounded by the large number of the audience. Together, they feel sense of belonging. Sometimes audience are invited for singing. The sole purpose of street theatre is to motivate the audience to take necessary action on a particular issue. In India, street theatre are performed at waysides, streets, village markets, open air ground, etc. A majority of street plays in India are based on socio-political issues. For a developing country like India cheap and versatile theatre of this sort is badly needed.
In India street theatre had played a great role in making people aware about various issues raising some issues, ushering a social change. For instance in the days of the Bhopal gas tragedy, while the official media were content to provide statistics on the extent of damage, it was the street theatre groups who drew the attention of people on the wider aspects of exploitation by multinationals and the continuing horrors of the tragedy.
Puppetry
Puppet theatre is present all over the world.
There are four kinds of puppets:
- Glove puppets
- String puppets
- Rod puppets
- Shadow puppets
Glove puppets
Glove puppets are very common in Orissa, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Puppeteers wear them on the hand and move their heads and arms with fingers. The puppeteer narrates his story in verse or prose, and the puppets provide, the visual thread. This type of puppet can be made easily.
The stories of these theatre are mainly based on Radha and Krishan and the Ramayana.
String puppets
The string puppet is a figure with multiple joints and suspended by a string which is controlled.
They are common in Rajasthan, Orissa, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
Rod puppets
Rod puppets are an extension of glove puppets out of larger size.
The traditional rod puppet form of West Bengal is known as Putual Nach. Other examples are Yampuri of Bihar and Kathi Kandhei of Orissa.
Shadow puppets
In this form, shadows of puppets are used in black and white or in colour. The flat figures, usually made of leather, are lightly pressed on a transparent screen with a strong source of light behind. The screen thus forms the barrier between the audience and the puppet, creating the projection of image. The impact on the audience, surrounded by darkness all around, is quite dramatic.
Music and dance
Music and dance are among the oldest forms of classical arts. These traditional are fundamentally similar but they have different names and are also performed in different styles.
Dance puts the rhythm and movement in the play music is intimately interwoven with the life of people, Music has played a crucial part in everyday life from time immemorial. Music
is part of marriages, festivals and celebration of all types. No religious ceremony has been complete without music.
Common songs are seasonal rhythms in nature, songs of the ploughman and boatman of the shepherd and camel driver, the songs of villages and of the forests. Music has always caused harmony to the pulse of human activity in India.
The source of Indian music is tradition of Indian masses. Every event of life is associated with music. Folk music originated within small region. However, it has reached out to touch the hearts of masses across India.
Traditional Motifs and Symbols
Patterns like rangoli are nothing but symbols which are part of everyday life. Rangolis are beautiful patterns which are role on the threshold of the house is believed to uplift the spirit, ward of the evil energies and give protection.
Indians believe in symbols which are entirely different form the rest of the world. They vary from simple to complex. The symbols in India are the outcomes of mythology, religious beliefs, tradition and philosophy.
India is a country of motifs and symbols. Where traditional art forms, figures and ritual drawings have existed for many centuries. These art forms include symbols, floor motifs, folk murals, traditional textile designs, scroll paintings etc.
Paintings
Primitive man did not know to read and write. He only knew to draw. Different period of history had different tradition of painting.
Traditional paintings of Madhya Pradesh, specially the wall paintings of Bundelkhand, Chhattisgarh, Gondwana, Nimar and Matwa are living example of people, closely linked with the socio-cultural environment of the area. They are not mere decorations but also expressions of religious devotion.
Story telling
A story connects us with our humanness and links the past, present and future by teaching us to anticipate the possible consequences of our actions.
“Tellings” involves direct contact between the teller and the listener. It permits the direct presentation of the story by the latter.
2. Explain the different forms of puppetry with suitable examples.
Ans. There are four kinds of puppets:
- Glove puppets
- String puppets
- Rod puppets
- Shadow puppets
Glove puppets
Glove puppets are mostly found in Orissa, Kerala and Tamilnadu. Puppeteers wear them on the hand and manipulate their heads and arms with their fingers.
String puppets
The string puppet (or marionetter) is a figure with multiple joints and suspended by a string which is controlled.
String puppets are found in Rajasthan, Orissa, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. In this, the stress is more on the manipulative skills of the puppeteer.
Rod Puppets
Rod puppets are an extension of glove puppets but often much larger.
They are fixed to heavy bamboo sticks which are tied to the puppeteer’s waist. These are three-dimensional moving figures that are mainpulated with the help of rods.
Shadow puppets
In this form, shadows of puppets are used in black and white or in colour. The flat figures, usually made of leather, are lightly pressed on a transparent screen with a strong source of light behind. The screen thus forms the barrier between the audience and the puppet, creating the projection of image.
Examples include
- Tolgulu gombeyatta from Karnataka.
- Tholu bommalata from Andhra Pradesh.
3. Write short notes on the following:
(i) Traditional symbols and motifs.
(ii) Paintings.
(iii) Story telling.
Ans. (i) These are nothing but symbols which are a part of everyday life. These beautiful patterns which are made on the threshold of the house is believed to uplift the spirit, ward off evil energies and give protection.
In India, people revere many symbols, ranging from those which are simple to the most complete ones. Indian believe in symbols which are entirely different from the rest of the world, though traces of similarities can be seen. The symbols in India are the outcomes of mythology, religious beliefs, traditions and philosophy.
India is a country of motifs and symbols where traditional art forms, figures and ritual drawings have existed for many centuries. These art forms include symbols, floor motifs, folk murals, traditional textile designs, scroll painting etc.
(ii) Primitive man was unaware of words, but he was able to draw a picture of an animal with a tail, a head and four legs or a human figure with a pin head and four lines for hands and feet.
Throughout different periods of history, we find a definite established tradition of painting on various objects, particularly on intimate objects of everyday use, floors and walls; and in almost every instance, the depiction being associated with some ritual.
Traditional paintings of Madhya Pradesh, specially the wall paintings of Bundelkhand, Chhattisgarh, Gondwana, Mannar and Malwa are living expressions of people, closely linked with the socio-cultural environment of the area. They are not mere decorations but also expressions of religious devotion.
(iii) A story connects us with our humanness and links the past, present and future by teaching us to anticipate the possible consequences of our actions.
What is story telling? “Telling” involves direct contact between the teller and the listener. It permits the direct presentation of the story by the teller.
There are stories like the Panchatantra and stories from mythology like Ramayana and Mahabharata where local heroes have always travelled form one generation to another by word of mouth. This is an effective way of motivating children.
Very Short Type Questions Answer
1. Which state is famous for Tamasha?
Ans. Maharashtra.
2. Which part of India is famous or nautanki?
Ans. Northern India.
3. What is Khayal?
Ans. It is combination of dramas. song, dance and
4. Where are street theatre performed?
Ans. Nukkad, street corner, market place etc.
5. Name some famous theatre artists.
Ans. Safdar Hashmi, Utpal Dutt, Gurusharn Singh.
6. some plays of Safdar Hashmi.
Ans. Machine, Hatyarey, DTC Ki Dhandli, Aurat.
7. What are four kinds of puppets?
Ans. Glove puppets, string puppets, rod puppets and shadow puppets.
8. What is mand?
Ans. Mand is a Rajasthani folk tune.
9. What is the Ghazal?
Ans. The Ghazal is a form of Urdu poetry that is sung.
10. What is Qawali?
Ans. Qawali is a high-pitched and fast paced style of singing that was developed in the thirteenth century.
11. What are chiteras?
Ans. In Bundelkhand, painting is usually done by a caste of professional painter called chiteras.
12. What is Lipai?
Ans. In the paintings of Chhattisgarh, plaster base in used, over which linear patterns are etched with fingers, the process is called ‘Lipai’.
13. What are pithora paintings?
Ans. The Bhils and Bhilala tribes of Madhya Pradesh paint myths related to creation called pithora paintings.
14. Which places are known for mandana wall and floor painting traditions?
Ans. Malwa, Nimar and Tanwarahar.
Short Type Questions Answer
1. What is puppetry?
Ans. The word puppet comes from the French ‘Poupee’ or the Latin ‘Pupa’ both meaning dolls’. In Sanskrit, puppets are termed ‘Putraka’, ‘Putrika’ or ‘Puttalika, all of which are derived from the root Putta equivalent to Putra (Son). It is derived from ancient Indian thoughts that puppets have life.
2. What does dance do in a play?
Ans. Dance puts the rhythm and movement in the play and continuously captures audience attention.
3. What are glove puppets of different states called?
Ans. The glove puppet in Orissa is called Kundahei Nach. The glove puppets of Kerala are more ornate, colourful and resemble the actors on the Kathakali stage in their make-up and costume. Their performance is known as Pava Koothu or Pawa Kathakali.
4. What are strings puppets of different states called?
Ans. The string puppets of different states are called by the following names:
- Kathputli shows of Rajasthan.
- Sakhi Kundhei of Orissa.
- Putla Nach of Assam.
- Malasutri Bahulya of Maharashtra.
- Bommalattam of Tamilnadu.
- Gombeyatta of Karnataka.
5. What are rod puppets and shadow puppets of different states called?
Ans. The rod puppets and shadow puppets of different states are called by the following names:
- Yampuri of Bihar
- Kathi Kundhei of Orissa
Examples include
- Togulu gombeyatta from Karnataka
- Tholu bommalata from Andhra Pradesh
Long Type Questions Answer
1. Describe various forms of dramas.
Ans. Tamasha: If you happen to watch a tamasha performance in Maharashtra, you will come to know more about their ancient rulers, Maratha heroism, their rugged landscape, their music etc.
The philosophical and aesthetic scheme of tamasha incorporates three basic elements: the entertainment tradition, the more serious propagandist tradition and the devotional tradition.
Nautanki: The Nautanki form found in northern India entertain their audiences with often vulgar and disrespectful stories. Rooted in the peasant society of pre-modern India, this theatre vibrates with lively dancing, pulsating drumbeats and full throated singing. Unlike other styles of Indian theatre, the nautanki does not depend on Indian religious epics such as Ramayana or Mahabharata for its subject.
Khayal: Khayal is mainly performed in Rajasthan. It is a combination of song, dance and dramas. Music is an important aspect in this form of folk theatre. It is performed not only for entertainment purpose but it is used mainly as an essential means of communication between actors. There is a immense variety in the use of singing-sometimes by the characters individually or in the chorus. Instrumental music is also used in the beginning of the performance to create a favourable atmosphere for the play.
2. Describe street theatre.
Ans. This is a performance medium drawing its techniques from traditional dramas forms in India. They are performed in any nukkad (street corner), street, market place etc.
In such a situation, the audience and the performers are on the same level, emphasizing the fact that performers are not different from the audience themselves. This also leads to the establishment of a rapport between the performers and the audience. Close eye-contact with the audience is an important element in ‘street theatre which keeps them busy with the action of the play. Even an actor is under the eagle eye of the audience who surround him on all sides. So together they feel a sense of belonging and repsonsibility to each other. Sometimes the audience is invited to join the chorus for the singing.
The sole purpose of street theatre is to motivate the audience to take a quick and required action on a particular issue. In India, waysides, streets, village markets open-air grounds, fair-sites, country yards and other public areas have remained the ideal perform street plays. spaces to A majority of street plays in India are based on socio-political issues. Some of these are based on current events, others are on subjects like communalism, terrorism, police atrocities, bride burning, dowry system, caste inequalities, elections, industrial and agricultural exploitation, alcoholism, illiteracy, drug addiction and female foeticide.
In India, where there is a high degree of illiteracy, poverty and diversity of language and dialects, a theatre form of this sort, versatile and adaptable, cheap and mobile becomes more important and relevant.
In India commitment of political causes in quite high among the members of street theatre groups. Most of the groups like Jana, Nishant, Chitra, Shatabdi, Amritsar School Drama, Chandigarh, Jan Sanskrit-Manch, IPTA Patna, IPTA Punjab and Little Theatre Group come forward when an important issue of social and political concern emerges. They attempt to provide an alternative explanation and a different point of view from government controlled media. For example, in the days of the Bhopal gas tragedy, while the official media were content with providing statistics on the extent of damage, it was the street theatre groups who drew what attention of the people on the wider aspects of exploitation by multinationals and the continuing horrors of the tragedy. So street theatre can be a powerful social and cultural expression as it has the potential to actively involve a wide range of physical, emotional and imaginative capacities.
3. Describe India’s music culture.
Ans. Ours is possibly the only country in which music, more than any other art, is so intimately interwoven with the life of people. It would not be an overstatement to say that music in India has played a crucial part in everyday life from time immemorial; it has been an integral part of marriages, festivals and celebrations of every hue and character. No religious ceremony has been complete without music.
There are songs to celebrate the seasonal rhythms in nature, songs of the ploughman and boatman, of the shepherd and camel driver. There are even songs of villages and of the forests. It is music which has always lent harmony to the pulse of human activity in India.
India’s musical culture has its source in the tradition of the masses.
Traditional music of India is the most natural representation of the emotions of the masses. Songs are associated with every event of life. Be it festivals, advent of new seasons, mariages, births or even every day affairs like attracting a loved one or admiring nature. Can you recall a few such songs that heard? you may have
Although folk music originates within small regions, it has reached out to touch the hearts of masses across India.
Let us study a few-examples.
Examples:
- Marathi Bhajans which are generally based on traditional ragas.
- Mand is a Rajasthani folk tune.
The Ghazal is a form of Urdu poetry that is sung. Eloquent ‘Shayari’ (poetry), gentle ‘mausiqui’ (music) and fragile ‘jazbaat’ (emotions) combine to create the ghazal. The music for the Ghazal is slow paced and lyrics are often repeated twice or thrice.
- Qawwali is a high-pitched and fast paced style of singing that was developed in the thirteenth century.
