NIOS Class 12 Gender Studies Chapter 7 Gender And Economy

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NIOS Class 12 Gender Studies Chapter 7 Gender And Economy

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Gender And Economy

Chapter: 7

MODULE – II: GENDER ISSUES AND SOCIAL CHANGE

INTEXT QUESTIONS 7.1 

1. Identify the reasons for higher WFPR in rural areas. 

Ans: The reasons for higher WFPR in rural areas are poverty and the necessity of work, as well as other factors like the joint family system, availability of low-skilled employment opportunities etc.

2. Which sectors in urban India provide more employment to women? 

Ans: The major employment sectors for women in urban India are service, manufacturing, trade and hospitality. The proportion of urban women engaged in these sectors is higher than that of urban men.

3. Explain the concept of unpaid workers.

Ans: Unpaid workers are those who work without pay. These may be either members of a family or co-operative, conscripts or forced labour, or volunteer workers who work for charity or amusement.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 7.2 

1. Why are women fewer in occupations like police aviation, research and Science & technology? 

Ans: Women are primarily considered care-givers. Moreover, most of the roles they consider are extensions of their home care responsibilities, such as teaching, nursing and cleaning, so they are made to choose occupations that are convenient in time and work roles.

2. Has the status of women in employment improved over time? 

Ans: While opportunities to earn have increased for women, the nature, terms and quality of their employees have not improved. As a result, women’s status relative to men has worsened during the era of economic development.

3. Do more women remain behind than men in rural areas? 

Ans: While the men are drawn to the modern urban sector, the women are left behind in rural areas due to the care of the elderly and lack of skills to get a job in the urban sector.

4. Are women more disadvantaged than men in access to employment opportunities? Justify your answer with suitable arguments.

Ans: Yes, women are more disadvantaged than men regarding employment opportunities. In addition, the family responsibilities and care of the elderly curtail their access to employment opportunities.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 7.3 

1. What is the difference between men and women concerning the time spent in care work at home? 

Ans: As per the Periodic Labour Force Survey 2018-2019 by the National Statistical Office, Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation, Government of India, women in India spend about eight times more hours on care work than men. The data also points out that in rural areas, women spend about 5.7 hours of their time in care- giving activities, while men spend only 42 minutes a day. A similar trend prevails in urban areas where women spend almost 5 hours on care-giving activities, while males spend only 33 minutes daily.

2. What is Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY)?

Ans: PMMY is a scheme launched on April 8, 2015, for providing loans up to 10 lakhs to initiate non-corporate, non-farm small/micro enterprises. These loans are classified as MUDRA loans under PMMY.

Under the Mudra scheme, aspiring women entrepreneurs can avail of loans up to 10 lakhs to start a micro-enterprise, provided it is a non-farm and non-corporate enterprise. The scheme helps women with their economic empowerment.

3. List the factors that deter women from being employed.

Ans: The factors that deter women from  taking up employment are:

(a) Patriarchal mindset.

(b) Discrimination in the workplace.

(c) Lack of safe and secure work environments.

(d) Socio-economic factors.

(e) Lack of flexibility in work hours and location.

Terminal Exercises

1. Explain the reasons for the increase in marginal workers among women.

Ans: While comparing the main workers and marginal workers over the years, it is seen that there is an increase in the participation of women in the category of marginal workers. However, this means that though women are counted as workers, they may not be regularly employed throughout the year. This may be due to agrarian crises and the easy availability of part-time jobs in urban areas. However, it may also be due to other factors like care-giving, and household responsibilities, amongst other socio-economic factors, which determine the female work participation rate.

2. Identify some of the schemes and programmes of the government of India for promoting women’s entrepreneurship in India.

Ans: The availability of work in rural areas has increased, with employment-generating schemes, such as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA), Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women (STEP), Stri Shakti Package and Mahila Udyam Nidhi scheme etc. These have successfully employed women and promoted women’s entrepreneurship in India.

Additionally, Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY) is a scheme launched on April 8, 2015, for providing loans of up to 10 lakhs to non-corporate, non-farm small/micro enterprises. Under the Mudra scheme, aspiring women entrepreneurs can avail of loans up to 10 lakhs to start a micro-enterprise, provided it is a non-farm and non-corporate enterprise.