NIOS Class 12 Gender Studies Chapter 6 Inequalities of Gender

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NIOS Class 12 Gender Studies Chapter 6 Inequalities of Gender

Also, you can read the NIOS book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) Book guidelines. These solutions are part of NIOS All Subject Solutions. Here we have given NIOS Class 12 Gender Studies Solutions, NIOS Senior Secondary Course Gender Studies Notes for All Chapter, You can practice these here.

Inequalities of Gender

Chapter: 6

MODULE – II: GENDER ISSUES AND SOCIAL CHANGE

INTEXT QUESTIONS 6.1 

1. Mention a few Indicators of Gender Inequality. 

Ans: Lower enrolment in formal education, malnutrition, poor health, and low employment participation are a few indicators of gender inequality.

2. Describe the gender-related Development Index. 

Ans: GDI measures gender inequalities in three basic dimensions of human development: health, education, and command over economic resources.

3. What do you mean by Gender discrimination?

Ans: Gender discrimination is treating someone unequally or disadvantageously due to his/her gender. In addition, it is not necessarily of a sexual nature.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 6.2 

1. Give two examples to show how gender inequality prevails in the family. 

Ans: While the sons take ownership of family resources, the girls are deprived of their rights to parental property., land etc. Similarly, in the case of labour and work, while women and men may do an equal quantum of work, women are less paid than men.

2.  Explain how does the household inequality impacts the family members. 

Ans: When the family treats sons and daughters discriminately based on sex, the girls remain behind the boys in access to education, health and livelihood training. For example, while the sons may be sent to a good school, the girls are not when resources are scarce.

3. In which parts of the world have mortality inequality been extensively found?

Ans: In North Africa and Asia, including China and South Asia.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 6.3

1. Explain the social practices responsible for the low sex ratio? 

Ans: Poverty and care of younger siblings.

2. Which states have a low sex ratio as per Census 2011? 

Ans: In the name of socio-cultural practices, women are deprived of growth opportunities such as education, healthy life, skilling, and training. As a result, women’s development indicators lag behind men’s.

3. Define female infanticide? 

Ans: The Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act 2005 and The Forest Rights Act 2006.

4. Which Act prevents the sex determination of a child before birth?

Ans: Men have traditionally dominated the realm of governance. This is because power, authority and decision-making are associated with governance, and these are the three desirable personality traits popular among men. Women are, by and large, excluded except those who belong to politically connected families. It is rather difficult for women without politically connected families to enter and sustain their political and governance positions. Therefore we have more men than women in our country’s governance institutions.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 6.4 

1. Identify two reasons associated with low enrolment and drop-out among girls in school education. 

Ans: The practice of female feticide and female infanticide have contributed to a lower sex ratio.

2. How do social norms and practices restrict opportunities for growth for women? 

Ans: Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Delhi have low sex ratios as per Census 2011.

3. Which two Acts protect the ownership rights of women? 

Ans: The deliberate killing of newborn female children is the practice of female infanticide.ng

4. Why is the process of governance skewed in favour of men?

Ans: Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994. It is commonly called the PC-PNDT Act.

Terminal Exercises

1. What is gender discrimination? Explain its implications on the status of women.

Ans: Gender discrimination is treating someone unequally or disadvantageously due to his/her gender. In addition, it is not necessarily of a sexual nature.

Implications on the status of women:

(i) It is due to gender discrimination that women become vulnerable to violence and abuse, which impacts their life negatively.

(ii) The major problems which have a negative impact on the status of women in Indian society are female foeticide, female infanticide, domestic violence and discrimination at the workplace.

(iii) Gender discrimination can be seen in areas such as:

The sex ratio is unfavourable to women and has declined over time.

The literacy rates are low among women than men.

The life expectancy is lower for women in India.

The opportunities and access to decision-making institutions are unequal to men and women.

A clear division of labour between men and women assigns different kinds of tasks to men and women, where activities with low market value are usually assigned to women.

The share of parliamentary seats for women is in the ratio of 25 to 75 or 0.333.

2. Which form of gender inequality affects women the most?

Ans: The major problems which have a negative impact on the status of women in Indian society are female foeticide, female infanticide, domestic violence and discrimination at workplace.

3. What is National Health Mission?

Ans: The National Health Mission (NHM) aims to strengthen health systems in rural and urban areas. The focus has been Reproductive-Maternal-Neonatal-Child and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A) and Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases. The NHM envisages universal access to equitable, affordable & quality healthcare services that are accountable and responsive to people’s needs.

4. Why do less number of girls attend school as compared to boys?

Ans: The household responsibilities, poverty and care of younger siblings are the primary cause of the girls’ lower enrolment and higher drop-out rate.