NIOS Class 12 Gender Studies Chapter 5 Marriage Family and Kinship

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NIOS Class 12 Gender Studies Chapter 5 Marriage Family and Kinship

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Marriage Family and Kinship

Chapter: 5

MODULE – II: GENDER ISSUES AND SOCIAL CHANGE

INTEXT QUESTIONS 5.1 

1. Explain the concept of marriage. 

Ans: Marriage is the social recognition of the practice by which men and women live together as husband and wife to raise a family.

2. Define Joint Family. 

Ans: Irawati Karve defines a joint family as “a group of people who live under one roof, eat food cooked at one hearth, hold property in common, participate in common worship, and are related to each other as some particular type of kindred”.

3. Mention the types of the family based on relations. 

Ans: Based on marriage family is divided into monogamous and polygamous. The basis of the residence family is divided into patrilocal, matrilocal and avunculocal and based on lineage. The family is divided into patrilineal and matrilineal.

4. Mention the features of the joint family.

Ans: The structural features of a joint family are an Authoritarian Structure, familistic organisation, conjugal relationship, principle of seniority and division of labour.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 5.2 

1. Explain the meaning of kinship.

Ans: Kinship denotes the recognition of relatives through a blood relationship (technically called consanguinity) or marriage (called affinity).

2. Mention the types of kinship.

Ans: Kinship is of two types (i) consanguineal and (ii) affineal. 

INTEXT QUESTIONS 5.3

1. Highlight the factors which have led to the decline in a joint family?  

Ans: The factors responsible for the disintegration of a joint family are; Economic factors, education, legal factors and urbanisation.

2. Explain how a household creates an unequal division of labour? 

Ans: Gender norms are expressed within the household, reinforced, and reflected in larger social institutions. Cultural norms and institutional community practices restrict them from receiving education compared to their male counterparts.

3. Explain various institutions’ roles in promoting equitable resource distribution.

Ans: (i) Role of the family: The family being the primary agency of socialisation, needs to propagate gender equality by removing all kinds of discrimination between boys and girls; Role of community: Material and social support from outside the community and family, such as from women’s groups, other Non Governmental Organizations and the State like earning opportunities, housing, legal support and (say, from women’s groups) emotional (confidence building) and social support can contribute in promoting gender equality and women empowerment. 

(ii) Role of State: The State has the power to enact laws and formulate policies and programmes in women’s favour; to increase women’s access to productive resources, employment, information, education and health; to protect from gender violence; to influence the discourse on gender relations in the media and educational institutions, etc.

Terminal Exercises

1. Define joint family and mention the types of joint family.

Ans: Definition of Joint Family: According to Irawati Karve, “A joint family is a group of people who live under one roof, eat food cooked on one hearth, hold property in common, participate in common worship and are related to each other as some particular type of kindred.”

Types of Joint Family:

(i) Collateral Joint Family: It comprises two or more married couples with a sibling bond. In this type of family, a brother and his wife and another brother and his wife live together with unmarried children.

(ii) Supplemented Collateral Joint Family: A collateral is a joint family with unmarried, divorced or widowed relatives. The relatives in a supplemented collateral family are generally the widowed mother of the married brothers, the widower father, or unmarried siblings.

(iii) Lineal Joint Family: In this family, two couples having a lineal link (i.e. between parents and their married son or between parent and his married daughter) live under one roof.

(iv) Supplemented Lineal Joint Family: It is a lineal joint family together with unmarried, divorced or widowed relatives who do not belong to either of the lineally linked nuclear families, for example, the father’s widower brother or the son’s wife’s married brother or sister.

(v) Lineal Collateral Joint Family: In this type, three or more couples are linked linearly and collaterally. For example, there can be a family comprising of parents and their two or more married sons staying together with the unmarried children of the couple.

(vi) Supplemented Lineal-Collateral Joint Family: This type of family is a lineal collateral joint family, including married, widowed and separated relatives who do not belong to either of the nuclear families that are linearly and collaterally linked-for example, the father’s widowed sister or brother or an unmarried nephew of the father.

2. What are the factors responsible for the disintegration of a joint family?

Ans: The factors responsible for the disintegration of a joint family are:

(i) Economic factors: The process of social change due to industrialisation led to the mobility of individuals as there was a diversification of occupational opportunities for employment in varied spheres. This has affected the joint family system in India. In addition, the constitutional provisions in India have promoted gender equality and prohibited discrimination based on sex. Such provisions have enabled men and women to have economic freedom, thereby promoting mobility.

(ii) Educational factors (education): British rule in India promoted opportunities for higher education in India. All castes and communities had access to education. English education exposed the people to individualistic, liberal and humanitarian ideas which questioned traditional religious ideas and practices such as child marriage, unequal property rights to women, etc.

(iii) Legal factors: The introduction of Legislation on employment, education, marriage and property has affected the family system in several ways. The Hindu Gains of Learning Act of 1930 and the Hindu Succession Act (1956) were legislations for protecting the property rights of Hindus. The Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 also challenged the traditional ideas of Hindu marriage. These legislations challenged the inheritance patterns that prevailed in joint families prior to the passing of this act and the dependent position of women within the family.

(iv) Urbanisation: The process of urbanisation has also brought significant changes in the family system. It has resulted in large-scale migration. Separating family members from their residences due to migration to urban centres has affected the size and composition of families in India.