NIOS Class 12 Gender Studies Chapter 14 Health Policies And Programmes

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NIOS Class 12 Gender Studies Chapter 14 Health Policies And Programmes

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Health Policies And Programmes

Chapter: 14

MODULE – IV: GENDER HEALTH AND NUTRITION

INTEXT QUESTIONS 14.1 

1. How is health defined? 

Ans: According to the World Health Organisation, “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

2. How is the status of an individual socially determined?

Ans: Social factors like your economic and social status also determine your health. For example women in the family have a low status so they may not get access to nutritious food or they may be overworked doing household chores.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 14.2 

1. When were the National Health Policies formulated? 

Ans: India’s National Health Policies (NHP) were formulated in the year1983, in 2002 and then again in 2017.

2. What is AYUSH?

Ans: The NHP also focuses on providing indigenous health care through Ayurveda (A), Yoga & Naturopathy (Y), Unani (U), Sidha (S) and Homeopathy (H)- also known by the acronym AYUSH.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 14.3 

1. What is meant by TFR? 

Ans: The Total Fertility Rate that is the average number of children born per woman.

2. What is the difference between sex ratio and sex ration at birth?

Ans: Sex ratio refers to the number of women per 1000 men. Sex ratio at birth refers to the number of girls born per 1000 boys.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 14.4

1. What is the focus of NHP? 

Ans: The focus of the NHP for women is on:

(i) Addressing maternal health. 

(ii) Health needs of women beyond 40+ years.  

(iii) Making public health hospitals more women friendly and gender sensitive.

2. Who are the ASHA workers?

Ans: The introduction of the Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA). The ASHAs are local women trained to act as health educators and promoters in their communities.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 14.5 

1. What are the different programmes for ensuring maternal health? 

Ans: The programmes that ensure maternal health are: 

(i) RMNCH+A 

(ii) MCTS 

(iii) JSSK 

(iv) PMSMA

2. What is the primary focus of JSSK?

Ans: The scheme was started in 2011 to reduce out-of-pocket expenditure for both pregnant women and infants. The scheme is directed towards ensuring that more and more women opt for institutional deliveries.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 14.6 

1. What is the full form of ARSH?

Ans: ARSH- Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health Program.

2. What is the Menstrual Hygiene Scheme?

Ans: The programme ensures that there is a regular supply of sanitary napkins to ensure that there are no health problems for women. It also enables measures like access to water and toilets in schools for girls.

Terminal Exercises

1. Define health. (Hint: WHO’s definition)

Ans: According to the World Health Organisation, “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

The different dimensions of health are:

(i) Physical- The body has to be physically healthy and free from disease.

(ii)  Mental- The person should be mentally healthy and should not be depressed or suffering from anxiety or other mental health issues.

(iii) Social- Social factors like economic and social status also determine your health.

2. Explain the NHM.

Ans: The National Health Mission was launched in 2005 with a view to improving the health status of people in India, specially those who were in the vulnerable sections of society. It seeks to provide access to affordable, universal and good quality healthcare to all people. The focus is also on the reduction of child and maternal deaths and maintaining population, stabilisation, gender and demographic balance.

The focus areas of NHM are:

(i) Reproductive Health.

(ii) Maternal Health.

(iii) Newborn child and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+ A).

As the name suggests, the focus is on addressing causes of mortality among women and children and also amongst adolescent, both in rural and urban areas. The earlier programmes namely NRHM and NUHM were merged and the new programme was called NHM.