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NCERT Class 11 History Chapter 2 Writing and City Life
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Writing and City Life
Chapter: 2
SECTION – I: EARLY SOCIETIES
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS ANSWERS
Answer in brief:
Q. 1. Why do we say that it was natural fertility and high levels of food production that were the causes of early urbanization?
Ans. We often say that natural fertility and high levels of food production that were the causes of early urbanization because:
(i) Natural fertility is responsible for settled life and agricultural production.
(ii) It paved the way to animal husbandry.
(iii) It (Fertility of the soil) proved helpful in the beginning of new occupations.
Q. 2. Which of the following were necessary conditions and which the causes of marketing urbanization, and which would you say were the outcomes of the growth of cities?
(a) Highly productive agriculture.
(b) Water transport.
(c) The lack of metal and stone.
(d) The division of labor.
(e) The use of seals.
(f) The military power of the kings that made labor compulsory.
Ans. Following are the necessary conditions of urbanization:
(i) Highly productive agriculture.
(ii) Water transport.
(iii) The division of labor.
Cause of early urbanization are given below:
(i) Lack of metal and stones.
(ii) Uses of the seals.
(iii) The military power of the kings that made labor compulsory.
Q. 3. Why were mobile animal herders not necessarily a threat to town life?
Ans. Mobile animal herders were not necessarily a threat to town life because it was required to exchange Ghee, metal tools, grains, etc.
Q. 4. Why would the early temple have been much like a house?
Ans. Early temples have been much like a house because these temples were small in size, made up of unbaked bricks and were of the house like size. They also had an open courtyard around which rooms were constructed like houses. Temples were also residences of various goods at the same places like family members in a house.
ANSWERS IN A SHORT ESSAY:
Q. 5. Of the new institutions that came into being once city life had begun, which would have depended on the initiative of the king?
Ans. The new institutions that came into being with the beginning of city life include trade, temple, seal making, sculpture and the art of writing. All these instructions depend on the initiative of the king.
Q. 6. What do ancient stories tell us about the civilization of Mesopotamia?
Ans. Ancient stories provide us a valuable information about the Mesopotamian civilization. It is situated between two rivers – Tigris and Euphrates. Mesopotamian was one of the advanced civilizations of his time. Its social life was divided into three classes. The people who belonged to the upper two classes enjoyed several privileges and lived in grand houses. The people of third class lived in huts. On the economic front the life of the people was very prosperous and agriculture was their main occupation. They also practised many religions and worshipped many gods and goddesses. Shamas (The Sun) was their main god. Sumerian temples were known as “Ziggurat”.