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NCERT Class 10 Social Science Chapter 2 Nationalism in India
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Nationalism in India
Chapter – 2
INDIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – II (HISTORY)
TEXT BOOK QUESTIONS
WRITE IN BRIEF:
Q. 1. Explain:
(a) Why is the growth of nationalism in the colonies linked to an anti-colonial movement?
Answer: The growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement because people in these countries could only understand the importance of nationalistic feelings when imperial powers had turned them into colonies and started inflicting a number of atrocities upon them. Till then, they were snoring in their individual cocoons as insects do.
(b) How did the First World War help in the growth of the National Movement in India?
Answer: The First World War had created a new economic and political situation in India.
For example:
(i) Rise in prices led to extreme hardships for the people.
(ii) The defense expenditure had increased.
(iii) Custom duties were raised.
(iv) Income tax was introduced.
(v) There was widespread discontentment in the rural area due to forced recruitment of soldiers.
In this situation people had thought that their problems and hardships would be over at the end of the war. But nothing happened. They were now ready for a struggle against the British.
(c) Why were Indians outraged by the Rowlatt Act?
Answer: Rowlatt Act (1919) had given the government enormous powers to repress political activities and detain political leaders without trial for two years.
(d) Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw from the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Answer: M.K. Gandhi was a true lover of non- violence. The sole objective of the movement was to defy government laws in a peaceful manner but the Chauri- Chaura event had violated the same. It was therefore withdrawn by Gandhiji.
Q. 2. What is meant by the idea of Satyagraha?
Answer: It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor because a rigid disobedience itself was more impressive than use of weapons.
Q. 3. Write a newspaper report on:
(a) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
Answer: Jallianwala Bagh massacre Amritsar, 14 April, 1919.
Yesterday, the innocent people of Punjab, who had gathered at Jallianwalla Bagh had to face the bullets of General Dyer. There were thousands of men, women and children. Most of the people were from outside Amritsar and had come on account of ‘Baisakhi’. As it is stated, General Dyer had issued a declaration prohibiting public meetings and imposition of martial law. Dyer entered the area and blocked all the exit punts and without warning the unarmed crowd, ordered his troops to open fire. The firing went en till the ammunition was exhausted. After the massacre, the wounded were left without medical help. The number of casualties is still not known but estimated to be in hundreds.
(b) The Simon Commission.
Answer: The Simon Commission: New Delhi, 15 January, 1928.
The Tory Government in Britain has appointed a Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon in response to the nationalist movement in India. The commission will look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. It is really strange that though the object of the commission is to look into an Indian problem, no single Indian has been appointed as its member. This is gross injustice and must be resisted by the Indians.
Q. 4. Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in Chapter 1.
Answer: There are two images of Bharat Mata one by Abanindranath Tagore (1905) and the second by another artist. In the image drawn by Tagore, Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure. She has been shown as calm, composed, divine and spiritual. In the second figure drawn subsequently by another artist, Bharat Mata has been shown with a trishul in her hand, standing beside a lion and an elephant. Both are symbols of power and authority. Thus, in India, Bharat Mata has acquired many different forms from an ascetic figure to symbols of power and authority.
On the other hand, the image of Germania by Philip Veet wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism. Thus, there is one similarity between Bharat Mata and Germania that both contain elements of bravery, i.e, power, authority and heroism.
DISCUSS
Q. 1. List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Move- ment of 1921. Then choose any three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement.
Answer: I. List of social groups:
(i) The workers and members of the Congress Party.
(ii) The members of Khilafat Committee and supporters of Khilafat cause (or the Ottoman Turkey empire).
(iii) Middle class of the cities.
(iv) Students and teachers from schools and colleges.
(v) Merchants and traders.
(vi) The weavers.
(vii) The lawyers.
(viii) The peasants and the tribals.
(ix) Plantation workers.
II. Three social groups, their hopes and struggles:
(i) Middle Classes in the Cities: These mainly comprised students, teachers and lawyers. They responded enthusiastically to the call for non-cooperation and boycott. They saw the movement as a way to freedom from foreign domination.
However, the initial enthusiasm gradually slowed down. This is because there were not many alternatives for them to fall back upon. For example, khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass-produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. Likewise, students and teachers had no choice but to go back to government schools. Likewise, lawyers had no choice but to go back to courts.
(ii) Peasants and Tribals: At many places, peasants joined the Non-Cooperation Movement. The movement was primarily against talukdars and landlords. By swaraj they understood that they would not be required to pay any taxes and that lands would be redistributed.
The peasant movement often turned violent and the peasants had to face bullets and police brutality.
(iii) Plantation Workers: Plantation workers too joined the movement led by Gandhiji. They had their own understanding of the notion of swaraj. For them, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.
Q. 2. Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism.
Answer: Salt March and its importance: Salt being a commodity of every individual’s consumption, and further, being its undepleting stock in the seas and ocean; it was a gross atrocity on part of the British Government to impose tax on it and take it under public sector. It was, therefore, a good opportunity to disclose the malafide intentions of the foreign government before the masses of India. We see that Mahatma Gandhi had launched that Dandi March on 13th March, 1930 C.E. abiding by democratic means as under:
(i) He had sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin starting eleven demands.
(ii) These demands were wide ranging- some were general and some specific. These were concerning interests of all sections of Indian society.
(iii) Demand of removal of tax on salt was one among those demands.
(iv) It was specifically mentioned that in case, Government appears unwilling to negotiate on demands by 11 March, Congress would launch a civil disobedience campaign.
As the British government gave no response to these demands, Gandhi was all right in launching Dandi March-a 375 km. long march from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal town of Gujarat (Dandi).
On these counts, Dandi March was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism as it could gather nationwide support of Indian masses. It was an open challenge to the British laws.
Q. 3. Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain what the experience meant to your life.
Answer: I would have gained the following experiences from participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1932):
(i) I saw that women were not lagging behind the men in this movement. Men alike can also raise their voice against the system disrupted either at individual or institutional level.
(ii) Experiment with truth and non-violence is varied and veridical as per topics/issues. Law and order is truly followed in this mode of action.
(iii) Participation in likewise moves and movements inculcates a sense of tolerance, labor, patience, valor and dedication.
(iv) Alongwith picketing foreign clothes and liquor shops, I would have systematically remove the foreign or alien demands that dwell in my heart in the form of anger, jealousy, vanity, ostentation etc. in company of so great guide, i.e., Father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi.
Q. 4. Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?
Answer: Causes of differences among political leaders over the question of separate electorates.
(i) Mahatma Gandhi was a greatly farsighted leader. He knew that India is a country of diversities, there is unity underlying these diversities. Barring him almost all Indian leaders were willing to have separate electorates to appease communal Muslim leaders and leader trying to divide the Hindus on caste basis.
(ii) Gandhiji was willing to have collective electorates in the country mainly because the separate electorates were giving priority to sectarian politics over national interests. It was the mentality that had divided India in more than 565 princely states besides British India (viz. regions of India under direct control of the British Government). An impact of submission and domination, egoism and ostentative temperament and shrewd characteristics bringing nothing good but self-destruction, was present even when all of them were equally treated by the British as Niggers or slaves.
(iii) Sectarianism and partition prevailed throughout the course of the freedom struggle. Pacts like Poona Pact and Lucknow Pact including frequent splits in Congress reveal that leaders of each community were willing much for him and not in a wider interest of the nation. It was the magic wand of Gandhi’s self-sacrifice that could do patchwork successfully till India anyhow, won freedom.