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NCERT Class 10 Social Science Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
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The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Chapter – 1
INDIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – II (HISTORY)
TEXT BOOK QUESTIONS
WRITE IN BRIEF:
Q. 1. Write notes on:
(a) Giuseppe Mazzini.
Ans: He was an Italian revolutionary. He was born in Genoa in 1807. At a young age of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. Subsequently, founded two underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states. Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations.
This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty. Following his model, secret societies were set-up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republic frightened the conservatives. Metternich (monarch rule of Austria) described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of existing social order”.
(b) Count Camillo de Cavour.
Ans: The man ascribed to the glory of unification of Italy. Count Cavour was born in Sardinia but started living at Piedmont at a young age. After serving as army engineer for a brief period, he actively got involved in agitation against the autocratic ruler in Italy. In 1848, he became a member of the Legislative Assembly of Piedmont for the first time. However, the Assembly did not last long and within one and a half-years, three elections were held Cavour emerged successful in all these elections. In 1860, he became a member of the Cabinet of Ministers. In 1852, he was appointed the Prime Minister by King Victor Emmanuel II.
Role of Cavour: (i) Cavour tried to end all the privileges of the clergy and introduced various reforms for the promotion of trade and commerce. These reforms include agriculture and infrastructural facilities, i,e roads, shipping and railways.
(ii) He supported the adventures and plans of Mazzini and Garibaldi.
(iii) By virtue of his tactful diplomatic alliance with France, he could defeat the Austrian forces in 1859. He drove away the Spanish rulers from two Sicilies in South Italy.
(c) The Greek War of Independence
Ans: It was an event that mobilized nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe. Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century and the war of independence amongst the Greeks began in 1821. Poets and artists including West European masses joined that war of independence with their skills and expertise and thus, they could overthrow the Ottoman Empire. Contribution of poets like Lord Byron was praiseworthy. Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 made Greece an independent nation.
(d) Frankfurt Parliament.
Ans: To unite Germany and to frame a constitution for the united Germany, a constituent assembly met in Frankfurt on 18 May, 1848. The members. The assembly drafted a constitution for the German nation. It was decided that Germany should be a hereditary empire and the king of Prussia was chosen to be its head. However, when the offer was made to the king he declined the offer. Austria was already against it. Thus, two great German powers, Austria and Prussia rejected the work of Frankfurt Parliament The Parliament, therefore eroded its social base and it accomplished nothing.
(e) The role of women in nationalist struggles.
Ans: In those parts of Europe such as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro- Hungarian Empire-men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutional monarchy with national unification. They took advantage of the growing popular unrest to push their demands for the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles-a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of formation or joining union or association.
The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively over the years. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations. Despite this, they were denied suffrage rights during the election of the Assembly. This fact was evident from Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul where women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors gallery.
Q. 2. Describe any five steps taken by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the French people.
Ans: The following steps were taken by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the French people:
(i) The ideas of the fatherland (la patrie) and the citizens (le citoyen) were introduced.
(ii) A new French flag, the tricolor, was chosen to replace the earlier royal standard.
(iii) The Estates General was renamed as the National Assembly.
(iv) New hymns were composed, oaths were taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
(v) A centralized administrative system was established.
(vi) Uniform laws for all citizens were formulated.
(vii) Internal custom duties and dues were abolished.
(viii) A uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
(ix) French, as it was written and spoken in Paris, became the common language of the nation. Regional dialects were discouraged.
(x) It was decided that the French nation would liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism, and help other peoples to become nations.
Q.3. Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed?
Ans: I. Marianne: was the allegory or symbol of the French nation.
Germania: was the allegory or symbol of the German nation.
II. Importance of the both symbols: These symbols were allegories of nation the same way as Bharat Mata, a female figure imagined in India. It was a mode of visualizing the nation so as to generate extreme sense of respect and reverence in the hearts of the people living in those countries.
(a) Marianne: Attributes of liberty were red cap or broken chain and justice was a blind folded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales. Characteristics of Marianne were drawn from the red cap, the tricolor and the cockade. Statues were made and pictures of Marianne printed on postage stamps.
(b) Germania: Germania wears a crown of oak leaves because that tree stands for heroism. She holds a sword in her hand.
Q. 4. Briefly trace the process of German unification.
Or
Describe the process of unification of Germany.
Or
Explain the process of unification of Germany.
Ans: The following stages led to the unification of Germany:
(i) The First Stage: The German people did not exist as a united nation. In 1848, efforts were made to unify the numerous German speaking principalities into a nation-state under a democratic constitution. To unite Germany and to frame a constitution for the United Germany, a Constituent Assembly met at Frankfurt. This assembly proposed the unification of Germany under the king of Prussia. The king of Prussia, however, opposed the idea of becoming a constitutional monarch. Thus ended the first phase of the unification of Germany.
Now, Germany was to be unified by the policy of ‘blood and iron’ as was pursued by Bismarck, the Prussian Chancellor.
(ii) The Second Stage: Otto Von Bismarck fought three wars for over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France and won all of them. This completed the process of Germany’s unification.
(iii) Third and Final Stage: In January, 1871, the Prussian King, William-I was proclaimed German emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.
Q. 5. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him?
Or
Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles.” Justify that statement.
Or
Explain any four provisions of the Napoleon civil code, 1804.
Or
Explain any three features of Napoleonic code.
Or
“Napoleon had no doubt destroyed democracy in France, but in administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make whole system more rational and efficient.” Support this statement.
Ans: Napoleon Bonaparte introduced administrative changes. The Civil Code of 1804 usually known as the Napoleonic Code introduced many administrative reforms.
These changes or reforms were as under:
(i) Principle of Equality: The Napoleonic Code (which was introduced in France in 1804) ended the privileges based on birth. It established equality before law.
(ii) Right to Property: The right to property was recognised by Napoleon Bonaparte.
(iii) Reform in Administrative System: He simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed. Transport and communication systems were improved. Weight and measures were standardized and a common currency was introduced.
(iv) Reforms in trade: Introduction of uniform law, standardized weights and measures and common national currency helped the growth of trade and traders a lot.
DISCUSS
Q. 1. Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?
Or
Explain the concept of liberalism. What did it politically emphasize during nineteenth century Europe?
Ans: I. Meaning of the revolution of 1848: Liberals were actually the people wishing freedom for their living because the term liberalism derives from the Latin root ‘liber’ meaning free. The revolution by middle classes in Germany, Italy, Poland against Austro- Hungarian empire i.e. monarchy was called the 1848th revolution of liberals. They wanted to establish constitutional and parliamentary government and national unification. They advocated freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. These revolutionists consisted of professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans.
II. Ideas supported by the Liberals:
(i) It is necessary to create a nation state on parliamentary principles.
(ii) A national assembly akin to constituted in France is to be formed.
(iii) A constitution is to be drafted.
(iv) Freedom of Press and freedom of association is necessary.
(v) Only people owning property are to be given universal suffrage (i.e, right to vote).
(vi) Conservatism is to be removed.
Q. 2. Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe.
Or
How did culture play an important role in creating the idea of a nation state in Europe? Explain with examples.
Ans: Contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe:
Ist Example: Romanticism developed a particular form of nationalist sentiment. It included a constitution of poetry /poems/ hymns and paintings stimulating natural love and affection for the nation. German philosopher Johann Gottfried claimed that German culture was to be discovered among the common people through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances. For example Grimms’ Fairy Tales.
IInd Example: The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republics-A print prepared by Frederic Sorrieu in 1848 that exhibits the people of Europe and America (men and women) of all ages and social classes- marching in a long train and offering homage to the Statue of Liberty.
IIIrd Example: The caricature titled as The Club of Thinkers creates public awareness that in the monarchical pattern of government, people cannot enjoy freedom of press and expression of thoughts.
IVth Example: Lord Byron’s poetry encouraged Greeks to face and fight boldly against the Turks who had established the Ottoman Empire and exiled them to Italy, Thus, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.
Q. 3. Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth century.
Ans: Introduction: (i) Development of nation state is one of the major political characteristics of modern age Europe. In a station state all people have a common feeling that they belong to a particular territory having a common culture and ideology. Their interests are common.
(ii) Culture and several other factors contribute to the feeling of nation state in Europe with the beginning of the modern age. Culture develops love and affection for the nation. Philosophers or thinkers who support democracy, liberalism, freedom and equality for all before the law strengthen the feeling of nation state.
(iii) Throwing a focus on Germany and Italy we will try to explain how nation states developed in some parts of Europe in the 19th century.
(1) Development of Germany as a nation state: (i) A large number of political associations from middle class professionals, Papal states as well. businessmen and prosperous artisans as members were formed in Germany.
(ii) Before the beginning of the modern age some serious economic problems came up in Germany. Hunger, hardship and popular revolt emerged in Germany. Germany was divided in several states due to autocratic rule, people were suffering in Germany. There were conservative forces like that of Junkers (big landlords) who did not want to accept the concept of nation-state.
(iii) Romantic imagination and national feelings also became a major factor for the formation of a nation-state. Johann Gottfried Herder of Germany said that the true spirit of a nation can be inculcated through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances.
(iv) Wars with diplomatic tricks had developed the feeling of patriotism and nationalism among the people of Germany during the times of Bismarck. In Germany three wars against Austria, Denmark and France were fought within seven years.
(2) Development of the nation state in Italy: (i) Like German culture (mainly language, literature, various arts such as painting, music, dance etc.) also played a vital role in Italy in the development of a favorable atmosphere to create a nation state.
(ii) Ideology of liberalism purported to be freedom for the individual and equal of all before the law helped in the development of the nation state. It was supported and advocated by the new middle class.
(iii) Secret society, namely, ‘Young Italy’ was formed by Giuseppe Mazzini comparing middle class people there.
(iv) Italy was divided into several states. These were being ruled by dynasties like Habsburg, Pope and Bourbon dynasty. Only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. Owing to the autocratic rule, people were greatly suffering in Italy.
(v) Caricature of Garibaldi of Italy helped a lot in stimulating nationalistic feeling among masses.
(vi) Cavour established a tactful diplomatic alliance with France and won two Sicilies and papal states as well.
Q. 4. How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?
Or
How the formation of a nation states the result of a long-drawn process in Britain? Explain.
Ans: (i) In Britain the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It was the result of a long-drawn-out process. There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century.
(ii) The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones-such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions. But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands.
(iii) The English Parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a protracted conflict, was the instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its center, came to be forged.
(iv) The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, in effect, that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. The British parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members.
(v) The Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence.
(vi) The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.
(vii) Ireland suffered a similar fate. It was a country deeply divided between Catholics and Protestants. The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to impose their dominance over a large Catholic country.
(viii) Catholic revolts against British dominance were brutally suppressed. After a failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen (1798), Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.
(ix) A new ‘British nation’ was forged through the propagation of a dominant English culture. The symbols of the new Britain-the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God Save Our Noble King), the English language-were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this union.
Q. 5. Why did nationalist tension emerge in the Balkans?
Ans: Reasons for emergence of nationalist tension in the Balkans:
(i) Multinationality: It was a region consisting of multi nationalities like modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro. Its habitants were called Slavs and its larger part was under control of the Ottoman Empire.
(ii) Christianity as the major religion: As Christianity was the major religion of these people, the Muslim rulers inflicted atrocities upon them. They therefore became upset and aggrieved.
(iii) Disintegration of Ottoman Empire: Gradually, during the internal conflicts, the Ottoman Empire was met with disintegration. It was, therefore, a good- opportunity for these nationalities and their people to raise their voice of protest to gain their own republics.
(iv) Role of Art and Literature: The Romantic literature, i.e. folk songs, folk tales etc., propagated there from England (UK) and people understood that they were once independent states but subsequently, the foreign powers (i.e. Muslims) had subjugated them. This arose tension in their minds and they started making their own organizations to launch the freedom movement.
(v) Mutual jealousy of states: The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each-other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the others.
(vi) Role of big world power: Other big powers of the world i.e. Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary, etc., were keen on controlling the hold of other powers over the Balkans and each among them was keen to extend its own control over the area.