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NCERT Class 10 Social Science Chapter 3 The Making of A Global World
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The Making of A Global World
Chapter – 3
INDIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – II (HISTORY)
TEXT BOOK QUESTIONS
WRITE IN BRIEF:
Q. 1. Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before the seventeenth century, choosing one example from Asia and one from the Americas.
Answer: Example I : Beneficial examples from Asia: The Indian Ocean gave birth to a bustling trade with goods, people, knowledge, cultures etc. The Indian subcontinent was central to these flows and a crucial point in their networks. The entry of the Europeans helped expand or redirect some of these flows towards Europe.
America’s goods like spagheti, potato, chillies, tomato, maize, groundnut, sweet potatoes etc., entered in India and other countries of Asian continent.
Example II: One harmful or oppressive example from the Americas: The Portuguese and Spanish entered in America just after it was discovered by Cristopher Columbus. They suppressed native people there not only through deceit but also spread there small pox, pathogens of which were fostered in bodies of Spanish and Portuguese. It killed and decimated about all natives.
Q. 2. Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas.
Answer: It is a historical fact that the global transfer of disease (such as smallpox) in the pre-modern world helped (as a powerful factor) in the colonization of the Americas. For example:
(1) The Portuguese and Spanish conquest and colonisation were not just results of superior fire works or weapons. Infact, the most powerful weapon was epidemic of small pox.
(2) Germs of small pox they carried on their person. Natives on America were not immunised from the disease hence, they started dying immediately.
(3) Small pox in particular, proved a deadly killer. Once introduced, it spread deep into the continent, even before any Europeans could reach there. It killed and decimated whole communities, paving the way for conquest.
Q. 3. Write a short note to explain the effects of the following:
(a) The British government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws.
Or
Why were the Corn Laws scrapped? Explain any three reasons.
Or
Why did the British government decide to abolish the Corn Law?
Answer:The British Government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws: Increasing demand of foodgrains due to spurt in population, indigenous production fallen short to cater their demand and sometimes, corn laws being just contrary to accommodate the situation, these laws were repealed and rescinded. The abolishment of the Corn Laws helped in checking the rising prices of food- grains in England. As it facilitated import of food- grains from other countries in England, the people became happy.
(b) The coming of rinderpest to Africa.
Or
What was the impact of the spread of rinderpest or the cattle plague on the African people? Explain.
Answer: The coming of rinderpest to Africa:
(i) Rinderpest, devastating cattle disease, arrived in Africa in the late 1880s. It was carried by infected cattle. These cattle were imported from British Asia. These were animals for meat or flesh. Indian soldiers were meat-eaters and that time engaged in invasion on Eritrea in Eastern Africa.
(ii) Entering Africa in the East, rinderpest moved West ‘like a forest fire’, stretched around Africa’s Atlantic coast in 1892. Cape (Africa’s southernmost tip) was also infested by that lethal disease just after five years. Along the way, rinderpest killed 90 per cent of the total cattle.
(iii) The loss of cattle made African unemployed and starving. Planters and mine owners as also colonial governments monopolised what scarce cattle resources remained, because they were wealthy and started pushing Africans; into the labour market.
(c) The death of men of working-age in Europe because of the world war.
Answer: (i) The First World War was the most fateful war that the world had so far (1914- 1918) seen most men of working- age were either maimed or dead. These deaths and injuries reduced the able- bodied work-force in Europe.
(ii) With fewer numbers within the family, household income declined after the great war.
(iii) To fulfill the demand of workers, women were given jobs. They became economically independent or self dependent and helped their family economically.
(iv) Some working people were welcome from other countries in Europe. This new situation helped in exchange of culture and immigration or migration a lot on the global level.
(d) Explain the impact of Great Depression of 1929 on the Indian economy giving three points.
Answer: Impact of the Great Depression on the Indian economy: (i) The depression immediately affected Indian trade. India’s exports and imports recorded nearly halved between 1928 and 1934. As international prices crashed, prices in India also plunged. Between 1928 and 1934, wheat prices in India fell by 50 per cent.
(ii) Peasants and farmers suffered the most as revenue demand was kept fixed and recovery was done through repressive ways.
(iii) Sharp reduction in quantum and price of exports and import resulted in peasants’ indebtedness. They had to sell their jewellery and precious metals in order to meet their expenses including payment of imports/taxes.
(iv) In these depression years, India became an exporter of gold. The famous economist Keynes thought that Indian gold exports might have promoted global economic recovery. It certainly help in sped up Britain’s recovery, but did little for the Indian peasants. Rural India was thus seething with unrest when Mahatma Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience Movement at the height of the depression in 1931.
(v) Big landlords (who let their property) and middle class-cum-salaried people remained unaffected of the Great Depression. They even made fat their coffers but common people succumbed to hunger and diseases.
(e) The decision of MNCs to relocate production to Asian countries.
Answer: MNCs (MultiNational Corporations):
(i) Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are large companies that operate in several countries at the same time. The first horde of MNCs established in the 1920s. Many more came up in the 1950s and 1960s as US businesses expanded worldwide and Western Europe and Japan also recovered to become powerful industrial economies.
(ii) The worldwide spread of MNCs is witnessed as sudden break-out or diffusion of the atom formed during both decades of 1950 and 1960. Till then, there were trade barriers imposed by Indian Government in the form of several taxes on import and exports.
(iii) MNCs surveyed in-depth, the increasing unemployment situation in India between 1970 and 1990s. It found that it was golden opportunity to get the production work done by the Indian youth longing for employment and lost of self-creativity. Refer to production operations commenced by MNCs during above said decades.
(iv) As it is all evident from China made TV sets, mobile phones and toys that low wage is paid to factory-workers there. MNCs had installed their production units or industries only in countries where cost structure of economy has subsided.
Q. 4. Give two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability.
Answer: Ist Example: Trade in meat spurt up when refrigerated ships were fabricated and designed by technocrats. Till 1870s, live-stock was shipped from America to Europe and only then, cattle for slaughter used to turn into meat for consumption. However, now the meat packed in containers started reaching to centres in Europe from America.
IInd Example: Network of irrigation, transport system (railways, roads), efficient tools for agriculture, machines of modern technology for all agricultural operations, electrification, spurt in telecommunication systems, value addition to all agricultural and industrial products-all could possible when technological development was entered in. Food was also offered with numerous varieties.
Q. 5. What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreements?
Answer: The meaning of the Bretton Woods Agreements:
(i) This agreement was signed between the world powers in July 1944 at Mount Washington Hotel situated in Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA.
(ii) It was a framework that was drawn up by the industrial countries to recover and consolidate the economies in the post war era.
(iii) Its main objective was to establish economic stability in the world.
(iv) Later on the framework of Bretton Woods Agreements was agreed upon at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference. This conference stabilished the IMF (International Monetary Fund) to deal with external surplus and deficit of its member nations.
(v) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (popularly known as World Bank) was set-up to finance post war reconstruction.
In this way the IMF and the World Bank (both international financial institutions started financial operations in 1947).
DISCUSS:
Q. 6. Imagine that you are an indentured Indian labourer in the Caribbean. Drawing from the details in this chapter, write a letter to your family describing your life and feelings.
Answer: Respected mother/father.
Convey my love to elders including my wife and bless to both my son and daughter. I am very happy. I am working in a technologically advanced industrial area of Caribbean. I am getting thick and heavy packet as remuneration five years with cost on conveyance borne with, by company. One of the company has hired me for all the time calculated.
It is developed country. Its industrial areas are neat and clean and roads are goods. There are sufficient parks, gardens and good means of transport and communications. Here are several thousand of Indians from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Central India. Even some are from Tamil Nadu and Kerala. I am having friendly relation with my Indian brothers and people from other Asian countries.
This all, I say, that I am getting here but at the cost of separation from all of you. Sometimes, I become very sad and I remember my those friends who during my living in India, were very dear to me. Pay my love to my friend Ashok and Rahim. Write me something specific and receive a gift from an indentured labour, you desired from this country. I assure you of forftnight receipt in your hand.
Once again respect to all elders, love to all known of my age and great love to all children. of our families.
With regards,
Your son,
XYZ
Q. 7. Explain the three types of movements or flows within international economic exchange. Find one example of each type of flow which involved India and Indians, and write a short account of it.
Or
Mention three types of movements or flows within the international economic exchange in the 19th century.
Answer: Three types of movements or flows in international trade and commerce:
(i) Trade in goods like cloth and wheat.
(ii) Migration of people in search of jobs.
(iii) Short and long-term investments by traders in distant countries.
Examples: each type of flow from India and Indians:
(i) Trade and Commerce: Britain took wheat and cloth-cotton, silken and woollen of extraordinary quality and having demand in European countries from India. In anticipation of wind-fall in land revenue and a number of other taxes and tariffs, the British Government in India focussed upon improving irrigation facilities in Punjab to increase production of wheat and cotton.
(ii) Man Power: Some labourers were employed in railways, shipping and industrial factories and plantation owned by the English in India and some were taken by factory owners in England.
(iii) Capital: Indian landlords were supported by the British Government against the poor fellows of India. They were allowed to charge higher rate of interest. Some of the capitalists invested in England and other European and African countries for better return. Indian traders and moneylenders also followed European colonisers into Africa. Hyderabadi Sindhi traders, however, ventured beyond European colonies. From the 1860s, they established flourishing emporia at busy ports worldwide, selling local and imported curios to tourists whose numbers were beginning to swell. Thanks to the development of safe and comfortable passenger vessels.
Q. 8. Explain the causes of Great Depression.
Or
What do you know about the Great Depression? Explain the major factors responsible for the Great Depression.
Or
What do you know about Great Depression? Write two any causes of it.
Answer: I. Meaning of Great Depression (1929-1933): The Great Depression began around 1929 and lasted till the mid- 1930s. During this period, most parts of the world experienced a catastrophic declining trend in production, employment, incomes, and trade. The exact incidence and impact of the depression varied between countries. But in general, agricultural regions and communities were the worst affected.
II. Causes/Factors:
(i) Over Production: Over production of foodgrains and other agricultural products was a major factor for depression. Price slumped because no expansion in demand side took place. Farm produce rotted due to glut in market.
(ii) Emphasis on quick loan recovery: USA initially financed to a number of countries in Europe including England but in phase of the Great Depression showed its teeth, loan recovery agencies of USA practised auction sale etc., of properties for recovery of loans and further loaning was stopped or sealed with an immediate effect. Debtors till ranking high in social status had to come on road barefoot.
Q. 9. Explain what is referred to as the G-77 countries. In what ways can G-77 be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins?
Or
What is G-77 ? What were its demands?
Answer: I. Meaning of the term G-77: Developing countries organized in a group of seventy seven countries or G-77 when they saw and felt that upto two decades (viz. 1950s and 1950s) the Bretton Woods twins or kids (World Bank and IM. had moulded all channels to bring water only in fields of developed countries eg. USA, Japan, france, Germany, Canada etc. Thus, G-77 came into being to safeguard interests of all developing nations. They demanded New International Economic Order (NIEO). By the NIEO, they meant a system that would give them real control over their natural resources, more development assistance, fairer prices for raw materials, and better access for their manufactured goods in developed countries markets.
II. G-77 and the activities of the Bretton Woods twins: The IMF and the World Bank are called Bretton Woods twins. They started their function in 1947.
(i) Dominant of USA: Decision-making in these institutions is controlled by the western industrial powers. The US has an effective right of veto over IMF and World Bank’s key decisions.
(ii) New International Monetary System: We know that international monetary system is the system linking national currencies and monetary system. The Bretton Woods system for this purpose was based on fixed exchange rates. In this system, national currencies, such as for example the Indian rupee, were pegged to the dollar at a fixed exchange rate. The dollar itself was anchored to gold at a fixed price of $35 per ounce of gold.
(iii) Growth of Trade and Income: The Bretton Woods system inaugurated an era of unprecedented growth of trade and incomes for the western industrial nations and Japan. World trade grew annually at over 8 per cent between 1950 and 1970 and incomes at nearly 5 per cent. The growth was also mostly stable, without large fluctuations. For much of this period, the unemployment rate for example, averaged less than 5 per cent in most industrial countries.
(iv) Spread of Technology: These decades also saw the worldwide spread of technology and enterprise. Developing countries were in a hurry to catch up with the advanced industrial countries. Therefore they invested vast amounts of capital, importing industrial plant and equipments featuring modern technology.
(v) Role of IMF and World Bank: The IMF and the World Bank were designed to meet the financial needs of the industrial countries. They were not equipped to cope with the challenge of poverty and lack of development in the former colonies. But as Europe and Japan rapidly rebuilt their economies, they grew less dependent on the IMF and the World Bank. Thus, from the late 1950s, the Bretton Woods institutions began to shift their attention more towards developing countries.