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NCERT Class 10 Social Science Chapter 4 The Age of the Industrialisation
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The Age of the Industrialisation
Chapter – 4
INDIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – II (HISTORY)
TEXT BOOK QUESTIONS
WRITE IN BRIEF:
Q. 1. Explain the following:
(a) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny.
Answer: The fear of unemployment made women workers hostile to the introduction of new technology. This was the reason for an aggressive attack from women in England on one of the woolen industries in which Spinning Jenny was first installed.
(b) In the seventeenth century, merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages.
Answer: In the countryside, poor peasants and artisans began working for merchants because population had increased and mere agriculture could not provide sufficient jobs to growing numbers of people. They could now work for merchants from their homes to earn an alternative income. Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their shaking income from cultivation. At each stage of production 20 to 25 workers were employed by each merchant.
(c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century.
Answer: Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports, Masulipatnam on the Coromandel coast connected South Asian and Central and North Asian countries. After the 1750s, this network of exports controlled by Indian merchants started breaking down. The European companies gradually gained power and the monopoly rights to trade resulted in a decline of the old ports of Surat and Hooghly through which local merchants had operated. Exports from these ports fell dramatically, the credit that had financed the carlier trade began drying up, and the local bankers slowly went bankrupt. Thus exports from this port declined from ₹ 16 million.
(d) The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India.
Answer: Gomastha was a supervisor appointed by East India Company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth weaved in cottage industries. Company paid advance money for purchase of raw material to the weavers and thus, they had to hand-over woven cloth to gomastha.
Q. 2. Write true or false against each statement:
(a) At the end of the nineteenth century, 80 per cent of the total workforce in Europe was employed in the technologically advanced industrial sector.
Answer: False.
(b) The international market for fine textiles was dominated by India till the eighteenth century.
Answer: True.
(c) The American Civil War resulted in the reduction of cotton exports from India.
Answer: False.
(d) The introduction of the fly shuttle enabled handloom workers to improve their productivity.
Answer: True.
Q. 3. Explain what is meant by proto-industrialisation.
Or
What is meant by Proto-industriali- sation? Why was it suggested in the countryside in England in the 17th century?
Answer: The word meaning of “proto” indicates the first or early form of something. Generally, we associate industrialisation with the growth of factory/industry and industrial production with the factory production. When we talk of industrial workers we mean factory workers. History of industrialisation very often begin with the setting up of the first factories. In Spite of factories installed in England, there were cottage industries run by each household there. It was a part of a network of commercial exchanges. Merchants were based in towns but the work was done mostly in the countryside. In contrast to factories, the presence of cottage industries was named as proto-industrialisation. It was a mixture of production in factories and cottage industries.
DISCUSS:
Q. 1. Why did some industrialists in nineteenth century Europe prefer hand labor over machines?
Answer: (i) It was because there was no shortage of human labor in Europe. Poor workers moved to the cities in large number in search of jobs.
(ii) The industries running only for a few months in a year like those making Christmas items, doing printing and book binding, repair of shops etc., were driven manually or handicraft industries.
(iii) Intricate designs and specific shapes the goods could be given manually and not on machines.
(iv) Hand-made items had great demand among nobles, aristocrats and middle class people.
Q. 2. How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers?
Or
How did East India Company capture regular supply of cotton and silk goods from Indian weavers? Explain.
Answer: (i) East India Company, after her establishment of political power over Bengal and Carnatic regions, procured with tactics, monopoly right to trade through law courts.
(ii) Under those monopoly rights, the Company manipulated the management and control of the trade, appointed Gomasthas to eliminate Indian traders and brokers connected with the textile trade.
(iii) She provided advances against purchase of raw material by concerned weavers at their homes. Thus, Indian weavers were bound to weave only for the Company.
(iv) Supply merchants earlier were weavers’ own people of India. They were compassionate and cooperative more than, the Gomasthas viz. the representatives of East India Company who started abusing, scolding and sometimes, even humiliating in public. Weavers were not in position to bargain upon the product manufactured/weaved by them. Company’s prices were fixed and advances had tied their hands to work only for her.
The fact exhibited from incessant supply of cotton cloth to East India Company but at the same time, decline in heydays of Indian weavers is that their dependence on Company credit against purchase of raw material or in surplus, made them indebted to a foreign company that finally resulted in economic slavery to them.
Q. 3. Imagine that you have been asked to write an article for an encyclopedia on Britain and the history of cotton. Write your piece using information from the entire chapter.
Student will do it with their help of their teacher. Given below guidelines will help them to answer this question efficiently.
Answer: Guidelines: Britain and History of Cotton:
(i) Before the establishment of British East India Company, England used to get manufacture Indian textile mainly cotton textiles indirectly from European traders and merchants. After the establishment of British East India Company, the same was done through direct import.
(ii) Calico Cloth Mill in Calicut and Muslin mill in Dacca as also shawls making cottage industries in Kashmir were brought to the condition of closure by passing prohibitory rules and alluring craftsmen/artisans in favour of East India Company and its underways. Thus, raw material was only exported to England and clothes/textiles made there were imported in India.
(iii) A number of inventors of cotton machines and plants including Hargreaves, Arkwright, Crompton etc., had assured to manufacturing of cotton textiles in England.
(iv) Gradually powerloom, cotton gin etc., machines were invented by Cart Wright and Eli-Whitney and thus, England began import of raw cotton from India to the tune of 250 million kilogram in 1840 C.E. Import however, was started since 1760 C.E. when about two million kilogram of cotton was bought from India and shipped to England.
(v) Machine made textile was cheaper, attractive and well-finished hence, people of India began putting on imported clothes. This trend however, led to closure of handlooms and cottage industries in India thereby several lakh people had become unemployed and export of Indian cotton textile plummeted from 33 percent of 1811-12 C.E. to 3 per cent in 1850-51 C.E.
(vi) Weavers in India began starving when American Civil War had cut-off cotton export to England by 1860. The whole quantity of cotton grown in India, was then exported to England to keep mills running there.
(vii) By the end of the nineteenth century plants and machines of cotton manufacturing installed in India, the weavers in the handloom sector and allied industries, suffered a lot. They could not survive and most of them migrated to England and other Western countries.
Q. 4. Why did industrial production in India increase during the First World War?
Answer: (i) It was because of European managing agencies like Bird Heilgers & Co., Andrew Yule and Jardine Skinner & Co., who set-up joint stock companies in India. Some Indian financers also financed them for investment however, they were not allowed membership to Chamber of Commerce set-up by these British corporates.
(ii) Industrialist groups got sanctioned removal of trade barriers by the British Government in India. Thus they did to safeguard their interests.
(iii) Swadeshi movement had boycotted foreign cloth hence, British companies started setting up textile mills in India.
(iv) Yarn was not needed in China and Japan because there were mills already opened.
(v) Demand for jute bags, army uniform, leather boots, tents, horse saddles etc., increased manifold during the war.