Class 12 Political Science Chapter 18 Recent Developments in India Politics The answer to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse through different chapters Assam Board HS Class 12 Political Science Chapter 18 Recent Developments in India Politics and select needs one.
Class 12 Political Science Chapter 18 Recent Developments in India Politics
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LONG ANSWER
Q. 1. List the parties having a powerful rural base among the OBC.
Ans : The constituents of the Janata Party, like the Bharatiya Kranti Dal and the Samyukta Socialist Party had a powerful rural base among some sections of the OBC’s.
Q. 2.Discuss the role of BSP.
Ans : In 14th April, 1984, the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was emerged under the leadership of proponent of Bahujan empowerment leader Kanshi Ram.
(i) The BSP began as a small party supported by largely Dalit voters in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, but it has expanded its -support now to various other social group.
(ii) It derived confidence from the fact that the Bahujan (SC, ST and OBCs and Religious minorities) constituted the majority of the population and were a formidable political force on the strength of their members.
(iii) Since its inception the BSP has emerged or a major political player in state and has been in government on more than one occasion.
(iv) In 1989 and the 1991 elections, BSP achieved a breakthrough in Uttar Pradesh. This was first time in independent India that a political party supported mainly by Dalit voters had achieved this kind of political success.
Q. 3. What led to the serious debate over secularism ?
Ans : The rise of politics based on religious identity and the demolition of the disputed mosque at Ayodhya led to the serious debate over secularism. During this time, there has been a debate about using religious sentiments for electoral purposes. Parties like BJP emphasis the Hindu nationalist element in its ideology, and adopted the strategy to mobilising the Hindus.
The demolition of the disputed mosque at Ayodhya on 6 December 1992 by Karsevaks led to a serious debate over secularism and posed the kind of questions on the secular concept of India. Most political parties condemned the demolition and declared that this was against the principles of secularism. This new led to clashes between the Hindus and Muslims in many parts of the country. The violence in Mumbai erupted again in January 1993 and continued for over two weeks.
Q. 4. Write a note on Hung Parliament.
Ans : When no political party secures a clear majority in the Parliament, this situation is called “Hung Parliament”. For instance, the 1996 elections threw a hung parliament. The BJP emerged as the single largest party with 161 seats. It was invited to form the government . However, its leader Atal Behari Vajpayee had to resign from the seat of Prime Minister within 13 days due to lack of majority. The second largest party Congress with 140 seats was unwilling to form a government. The onus thus fell on Janata Dal, regional parties and leftist parties to provide a stable coalition government. The Janata Dal decided to lead the 13party coalition government called United Front (UF).
Q. 5. Mention the main points of criticism of the Mandal Commission Report.
Ans : The Mandal Commission was set up to investigate the extent of educational and social backwardness among various sections of Indian society and recommend ways of identifying these “backward classes”. There could we cited some criticism of the Mandal Commission Report though it was a best one-
(i) The government was too early to implement the recommendations of the Mandal Commission.
(ii)The people from North India were not satisfied with the decision of the government.
Q. 6. List the four groups which emerged in 1990’s.
Ans : In 1990’s four major groups had emerged in Indian Politics.
These groups are :
(i) Parties that are in coalition with the Congress.
(ii) Parties that are in alliance with the BJp.
(iii) Left Front Parties.
(iv) Other parties who are not part of any of the above three.
Q. 7. Why is the importance of regional parties increasing in India ?
Ans : The importance of Regional Parties are increasing in India because :
(i) There has been multiple member of political parties at the Centre or national level. During elections these parties try its best to secure maximum number of votes to form the government. But due to innumerable number of political parties no party could form the government. Due to inadequacy of votes, these parties invite the regional parties for power sharing.
(ii) The Regional political parties are now a days addressing and focussing the regional problems. They have been many a times successful in converting a regional problems into a national problem. This is helping the regional parties to gain importance after every passing day.
Q. 8. Trace the emergence of BJP as a powerful force in post-emergency politics.
Ans : BJP – The Bharatiya Janata Party was formally launched as in independent political organisation in February 1980, after split of the Janata Party on the R.S.S. iue. Most of the erstwhile Jana Sangh members along with a few others, left the Janata Party to form the BJP. Thus the BJP is a reincarnation of the Jana Sangh the militant Hindu nationalist party founded in 1951 by Shyama Prasad Mukherjee.
The object of the Jana Sangh was the rebuilding of Bharat as a modern, democratic society in accordance with religious precepts. The party adopted four fundamentals, one country, one nation, one culture and a rule of law that would determine its future course of action. Secularism for the Jana Sangh, was simply a disguised policy of Muslim appeasement. The Sangh did not recognise the partition of India and supported foreign policy of non-involvement.
It wanted a united India under a unitary state, with Hindi as the national language. It has been closely associated with the R.S.S. Indeed, Nehru described the party as its illegitimate child. Most of the Jana Sangh’s support came from the Hindi speaking a party of the urban educated Hindu middle classes, professionals, small businessman, and white collar workers.
The Jana Sangh’s experience as a unit of the Janata Party, its administrative experience in national government and its close association with Jaya Prakash Narayan all seen to have brought about considerable transformation of its ideologies. From an ideology of Hindu chauvinism with an emphasis on Bharatiya culture, Hindi language and militant anti-Pakistan foreign policy, it has moved to non-communal and pragmatic political and economic policies.
The BJP believes in Gandhian socialism. The party says that its ideology is inspired not only by Gandhi and JP but also by Deendayal Upadhyaya. It stands for positive socialism and clear government . While laying emphasis on the “Hindu idiom” in its poll manifesto, the party stands for justice for all and appeasement of none.
The party would continue the policy of reservations for the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, apply the same policy to the recommendations of the Mandal commission. The party would also provide reservations for other weaker sections on the basis of their eco condition. In the economic arena the party favours writing off the debts of farmers, labours and artisans. The party also favours smaller and stronger states, desires to abolish Article 370, favours in uniform civil code and would like to establish Human Rights commission.
The Jana Sangh has been closely associated with the RSS. The RSS has served as the organisational base for party. The BJP being its successor, What type of relationship it has with the RSS? The official stand of the BJP and the RSS it that these are two seperate organisations working in two different fields. Besides, they do not interfere in each – other’s work. But an overwhelming majority of the BJP workers have RSS background, therefore a large number of people think that the two organisations belong to the one and same family. Even the BJP has reaffirmed its RSS link. It sees this link as vital to its newly emphasised commitment to national unity since it believes that the RSS’s patriotism is unmatched. It is, in fact proud of its link with RSS. The BJP is now being viewed as an alternative to the centrist parties that have so far had a monopoly on power.
The BJP has achieved this status because of its strong organisation and distinct identity. As a cadre based party guided by a distinct ideology, the BJP has certain inbuilt advantages. It can work towards consolidating its electoral gains, and does not necessarily have to depend on waves and winds everytime it faces an election can the BJP then explode the myth that India can only be’ ruled by the centrist? It has always been said that this country is too plural to be ruled by a right wing party and too traditional to accept the left.
Q. 9. Write short note on Gujarat Riots.
Ans : In February March 2002, large scale violence against Muslims took place in Gujarat. The immediate provocation for this violence was an incident that took at a station called Godhra. A bogey of a train that was returning from Ayodhya and was full of Karsevaks was set on fire. Fifty seven people died in the fire. Suspecting the hand of the Muslims in setting fire to the bogey. Large scale violence against Muslims began in many parts of Gujarat from the next day. This violence contained for almost a whole month. Nearly 1100 persons, mainly Muslims, were killed in this violence.
Q. 10. Briefly trace the issue of Karseva.
Ans : In December 1992, the organisation supporting the construction of the temple had organised a Karseva, meaning voluntary service by the devotees, for building the Ram Temple. Two famous turmoil was happened to occur in Indian politics for this Karseva issue. The first one was the demolition of the disputed mosque at Ayodhya on 6 December 1992 by Karsevaks which led to serious debate our secularism. Secondly the Godhra riots where Karsevaks returning from Ayodhya was set on fire, suspecting the hand of the Muslims.
Q.11. State the main issues in Indian Politics in the period after 1989. What different configuration of political parties these differences lead to ?
Ans : The period after 1989 is seen sometimes as the period of decline of congress and rise of BJP.
(i) BJP and Congress were engaged in a tough competition in this period.
(ii) Since the 1989 election, the votes pulled by the two parties, Congress and the BJP do not add up to more than fifty percent. The seats won by them too, do not add up to more than half the seats in the Lok Sabha.
(iii) Coalition politics has shifted the focus of political parties from ideological differences to power sharing arrangements. Most parties of the NDA did not agree with the ‘Hindutva’ ideology of the BJP but they came together to form a government and remained in power for a full form.
(iv) In this period state level political parties are sharing power at the national level and have played a central role in the country’s politics of last twenty years or so.
Q. 12.Explain Lok Sabha election 2004.
Ans : In the election of 2004, the congress party too entered into coalition in a big way. The NDA, was defeated and a new coalition government led by the Con ess, known as the United Progressive Alliance came to power. This government received support from the Left Front Parties. The election of 2004 also witnessed the partial revival of Congress party. However in the 2004 elections, there was a negligible differences between the votes polled by the Congress and its allies and the BJP and its allies. Thus, the party system has now changed almost dramatically from what it was till the seventies.
Q. 13. Write any four features of the coalition government.
Ans : A broad arrangement between two or more political parties to run a government is called Coalition Government. The following are the some important features of the Coalition Government-
(i) The parties agreeing to form coalition form a common minimum programme. It is formed taking some common goals into consideration.
(ii) Coalition Governments are formed when no political party secures clear majority. The parties ideologically congruent or incongruent may come together for formation of government.
(iii) Coalition Governments tend to be temporary. When a coalition partner suddenly withdraws from the government then it is reduced to minority and many a times leading to breakdown of the government.
(iv) In coalition Governments, the political parties may be regional or national. For example – Asom Gana Parishad was an ally in the BJP led NDA coalition.
Q. 14. Explain briefly any four developments witnessed by the country from 1989 to 1992.
Ans : Any four developments, witnessed by the country from 1989 to 1992 are given below :
(i) Development on the agreement of new economic policies while many groups are opposed to the new economic policies, most political
parties are in support of the new economic policies. (ii) Acceptance of the political and social claims of the backward castes political parties have recognised that the social and political claims of the backward castes need to be accepted. As a result all political parties now support reservation of seats for the ‘backward classes’ in education and employment.
(iii) Development of state level parties in governance of the country the distinction between state level and national level parties is fast becoming less important. State level parties are sharing power at the national level and have played a central role in the country’s politics of last twenty years or so.
(iv) Emphasis on pragmatic consideration rather than ideological positions and political alliances without ideological agreement -coalition politics has shifted the focus of political parties from ideological differences to power sharing arrangements. Most parties of the NDA did not agree with the “Hindutva” ideology of the BJP, yet they came together to form a government and remained in power for a full term.
Q. 15. Write any four major politics of Janata Dal.
Ans : In October 1988 Janata party decided to merge itself with a section of Lok Dal, then headed by Haryana Chief Minister Debi Lal and thus they formed a new political party called Janata Dal. Ajit Singh faction of the Lok Dal also joined the Janata Dal. At the time of its foundation some of the policies and programme of this party were clearly stated by the leadership.
These policies are like:
(i) The party promised first of all a clean and efficient administration.
(ii) It also promised to incorporate the right to work as a fundamental right in the constitution and to ensuring the right to information in the constitution.
(iii) It wants to give special protections to weaker sections and backward classes.
(iv) It promised to introduce comprehensive electoral reforms.
Q. 16. Why are the regional parties becoming more popular these days ?
Ans : The Regional Political parties becoming more popular these days, because they represent not only the newly emergent regional elite but also the total complex of regional values and regional ambitious. The phenomenon points to the slow and gradual development of federal politics in India. The regional political parties are now a days addressing and focussing the regional problems. They have been many a times successful in converting a regional problem into a national problem. This is helping the regional parties to gain importance after every passing day.
Q. 17. Write two advantages and two disadvantages of ‘Coalition Govt’ in India ?
Ans : Two advantages of “Coalition Govt” in India:
(i) Coalition govt gives spaces to the regional political parties.
(ii) Coalition govt can provide wide based representation to various sections of people and groups.
Two disadvantages of “Coalition Govt” in India :
(i) Coalition govt is temporary. It can not last long.
(ii) Coalition govt has no ideological commitment.
Q. 18. In 2002 large scale violence against Muslims took place. Explain ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 9. (Long Answer)
Q. 19. Explain the rise of Janata Dal ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 7. (Very Long Answer)
Q. 20. Describe briefly any four main developments, witnessed by the country from 1989 to 1992.
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 15. (Long Answer)
Q. 21. What have been the major trends in the electoral performance of the congress and the BJP Since 1989 ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q: No. 12. (Long Answer)
| Sl. No. | CONTENTS |
| Unit 1 | PART – 1 |
| Chapter 1 | The Cold War Era |
| Chapter 2 | The End of Bipolarity |
| Chapter 3 | US Hegemony in World Politics |
| Chapter 4 | Alternative Centres Of Power |
| Chapter 5 | Contemporary South Asia |
| Chapter 6 | International Organisations |
| Chapter 7 | Security In The Contemporary World |
| Chapter 8 | Environment And Natural Resources |
| Chapter 9 | Globalisation |
| Unit 2 | PART – 2 |
| Chapter 1 | Era of One-Party Dominance |
| Chapter 2 | Challenges of Nation Building |
| Chapter 3 | Politics Of Planned Development |
| Chapter 4 | India’s External Relations |
| Chapter 5 | Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System |
| Chapter 6 | The Crisis of Democratic Order |
| Chapter 7 | Rise of Popular Movements |
| Chapter 8 | Regional Aspirations |
| Chapter 9 | Recent Developments in India Politics |
Q. 22. Explain any four reasons for the emergence of the coalition era in the Indian democratic system ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 14. (Short Answer)
Q. 23. Write the role of Telegu Desam ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No.11. (Very Long Answer)
See Next Page No Below…
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