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Class 12 Biology Chapter 13 Organisms and Populations
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Organisms and Populations
Chapter – 13
ECOLOGY
Very Short Answer Type Questions
Q.1. What do you mean by population?
Ans : The group of organisms of one or more species that are living in a particular area in a particular time period is called the population of that species in that area.
Q.2. What is organism?
Ans : Plants, animals and microbes which by the process of growth and development increase their number is called as organism.
Q.3. Explain the meaning of community.
Ans : When more than one populations occupy the same ecosystem through the close relationship or interdependence among themselves are known as organisms.
Q.4. Name the two major factors that affect population.
Ans : The two major factors which affect the population are:
(a) Immigration. and
(b) Emigration
Q.5. Name the biotic components of ecosystem.
Ans : The biotic components of an ecosystem are:
(a) Parasitism.
(b) Predation.
(c) Commensalism.
(d) Mutualism.
(e) Nutralism. and
Q.6. What is xerophyte?
Ans : The plants which grow in the area where scarcity of water is found i.e. in desert are called the xerophyte. They have long roots but without the leaf but stem can perform the function of leaf.
Q.7. What is mesophyte?
Ans : The plants which grow in area where moderate amount of water is found, are called as mesophyte.
Q.8. Mesophyte prefer what type of habitat?
Ans : Mesophyte always prefers the medium watery condition i.e. neither aquatic nor desert.
Q.9. What is hydrophyte?
Ans : The plants that grow.in abundance of water i.n. aquatic condition, is called as hydrophyte.
Q.10. If the condition is dry what type of plant will develop in that region.
Ans : If the condition is permanently dry then xerophytic plant can grow and if it is temporally dry then mesophyte plants can also survive.
Q.11. Explain the term carrying capacity of a habitat.
Ans : Carrying capacity can be explained as maximum number of individuals of a population that can be sustained by a given habitat or ecosystem.
Q.12. What do you mean by migration?
Ans : Migration can be defined as the mass movement of organisms from a place to another place temporarily in regular basis in search of food, shelter or other biological need. Generally in migration the animals follow the same route as followed by their forefathers.
Q.13. What is mimicry of nature? Give one example of it.
Ans : The organisms which copy the appearance of some dangerous animals to keep away themselves from their natural enemy is called mimicry. For example, Natrix, a non poisonous snake.
Q.14. Define ecotone species of nature.
Ans : The transitional zones between trua adjacent biomes are called ecotone. The species found in this area are called ecotone species.
Q.15. When and why do some animals like frogs hibernate?
Ans : They can not adjust their body temperature by the change of environmental temperature, hence they like frog, lizard hibernate.
Q.16. What is zero population growth?
Ans : When birth rate and death rate becomes equal then the population growth is called zero population growth.
(B). Fill up the blanks : (1 Mark) :
Q.1. A large biogeographic region consisting of a major vegetation type and associated animals in a specific climatic zone is called ____
Ans : Biome.
Q.2. Every individual of a species is called ____
Ans : Organism.
Q.3. Any place in the world, any specific location ranging from equator to polar region, hot spring, compost and even the human intestine are ______ of organisms.
Ans : Habitat.
Q.4. _____ which live on dead organic matters are responsible for decomposition.
Ans : Decomposers.
Q 5. Hydrophytes prefer ____habitat.
Ans : Aquatic.
Q.6. Soil is the source of all _____ compounds essential for life.
Ans : Inorganic.
Q.7. ____ and ___ regions receive more intense light and there temperature is more.
Ans : Equatorial, tropical.
Q.8. Altitude, slope, depression and other physical features of earth is called _____
Ans : Geographical factors.
Q 9. ____ is the phenomenon in which body temperature changes with the temperatures outside.
Ans : Conform.
Q.10. ___ is a photosynthetic pathway in which the stomata remain open during night instead of daytime.
Ans : CAM.
Q.11. ____ shows association of both algae and fungi.
Ans : Lichen.
Q.12. _____ bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen in a leguminous plant.
Ans : Rhizobium.
Q.13. _____ is an assemblage of homogenous interbreeding individuals occupying a geographical location and interact among themselves and with others in the habitat forming a ecological unit.
Ans : Species.
Q.14. Population growth that depends upon carrying capacity of the habitat and showed log, lag and steady phase of growth forming a ___ curve is called logistic growth.
Ans : Sigmoid.
Q.15. The aggregation of individuals of a species is called _____
Ans : Population.
Q.16. The relationship where one organism is benefited, while the other is neither benefited nor harmed is referred as ____
Ans : Commensalism.
Q.17. Desert plants can tolerate water stress by forming_____
Ans : Spies.
(C). Select true or false statements:
Q.1. Natality means birth rate.
Ans : True.
Q.2. All organisms other than green plants prepare their own food.
Ans : False.
Q.3. Mortality is increase in number of population.
Ans : False.
Q.4. The organism is required to generate heat to maintain temperature suitable for its body which is called thermo regulation.
Ans : False.
Q.5. Some organisms hibernate to escape extreme conditions of environment.
Ans : True.
Q.6. Population increase due to migration of individuals from an area is called emigration.
Ans : False.
Q.7. The potential to support a certain number of organisms in a habitat is called carrying capacity of the habitat.
Ans : True.
Q.8. Fungal association of roots of higher plant is called mycorrhiza.
Ans : True.
Q.9. Soil water available to plant is surface water.
Ans : False.
Q.10. Exponential population growth is d N/dt = rn.
Ans : False.
Q.11. Competition is most acute between individuals of same species.
Ans : True.
Q.12. Symbiosis is that when the interaction is useful to both the populations.
Ans : True.
Q.13. An association of animals when both partners are benefited called commensalisms.
Ans : False.
II. Short type questions 2 marks :
Q.1. How does strong wind affect a plant?
Ans : Strong wind accelerates the rate of transpiration and increases the rate of evaporation of water for which plants need more water to absorb.
Moreover strong wind may tear off the large leaf which will affect the rate photosynthesis.
Q.2. What is log and lag phase?
Ans : Log phase : It is the period of rapid growth or rise in population due to availability of food and requirements of life in plenty.
Lag phase : It is the growth phase in population in which the individuals adapt themselves to the new environment, sot there is no or very little growth is found in population due to limited resources.
Q.3. What is commensalism? Give example of commensalism.
Ans : Commensalism is the interaction of two species in which one species gets the benefit and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
Orchid live in some trees where orchid is benefitted but the hosting plant neither benefited nor harmed.
Q.4. Define the phenomenon of antibiosis and allelopathy.
Ans : Antibiosis : Antibiosis is the inter-relation between two or more animals where one get harmed.
Allelopathy : It is the process where a plant secretes a chemical substance called Hormone which is used to control the growth of another plant or another species.
Q.5. What is amensalism? Give example of amensalism.
Ans : Amensalism is the process of interaction of two species where one species is harmed but the other is unaffected.
Growth of penicillium causes harm to the growth of bacteria but penicillium remains unaffected.
Q.6. What are the biotic and abiotic factors?
Ans : Biotic factors : The interrelationship between the plants, plants and animals, microorganisms and plants are called biotic factor. Parasitism, symbiosis, epiphytes are the example of biotic factors.
Abiotic factors : The non-living factors like temperature, light, wind, precipitation, humidity etc. are called abiotic factors.
Q.7. How light influences the growth and development in plants?
Ans : Light is essential abiotic factor for the growth and development of plants. Generally plants can prepare their food in presence of light by the process of photosynthesis. Moreover, some plants are called short day plant (eg. tobacco), long day plant (eg. beet) and day neutral plant (eg. tomato) where growth and development is directly depend upon the duration of light. Again quality of light and intensity of light may play an important role in the growth and development of plant.
Q.8. What is meant by homeostasis?
Ans : The mechanism by which organism can maintain a constant environmental condition despite of varying external environmental condition is known as homeostasis.
Q.9. What is eurythermal and stenothermal? Give example of each type.
Ans : Eurythermal : The organisms which can tolerate a wide range of temperature is called as eurythermal, eg. cockroach.
Stenothermal : The organisms which are restricted to a narrow range of temperature, are called as stenothermal, eg. fish.
Q.10. What is Biome? Give examples of Biome.
Ans : Biome can be defined as the community where different types of plants and animals can live i.e. multiplication of ecosystem is called the biome, eg. Tundra, Desert etc.
Q.11. Define the Gause competitive exclusion principle.
Ans : According to the Gause’s competitive exclusion principle when two closely related species competing for the same resources can not co- exist indefinitely and the competitively inferior one will be eliminated eventually. This can be possible only if the resources are limiting.
For eg. Mc Arther showed that 5 closely related species of warblers on the same tree were able to avoid the competition and co-exist due to their different behavioural activities.
Q.12. Distinguish between.
(a) Hibernation and Aestivation.
(b) Hibernation and Aestivation.
Ans : (a) Hibernation and Aestivation.
| Hibernation | Aestivation |
| (i) It is the condition of passing the winter in a resting or dormant condition. | (i) It is the state of inactivity during hot and dry summer. |
| (ii) The animal rests in a warm place. | (ii) The animal rests in a cool, shady and moist place. |
| (iii) It lasts for the whole duration of winter. | (iii) In generally lasts for hot dry day time because nights are often cooler. |
(b) Ectotherms and Endotherms
Ans :
| Ectotherms | Endotherms |
| (i) They are also called cold- blooded animals. | (i) They are also called warm blooded animals. |
| (ii) They are unable to regulate their body temperature and it changes with temperature of environment. | (ii) They can regulate their body temperature. |
| (iii) They exhibit both hibernation and aestivation. | (iii) Their activities are uncommon. |
| (iv) They are less active animals. | (iv) They are more active animals. |
Q.13. Define the following terms.
(a) Predations.
Ans : The process where predators directly or indirectly depend on prey for their food is known as predation. This is natural way of transferring to higher trophic levels the energy fixed by plants. Ifa predator is too efficient and overexploits its prey, then the prey might become extinct and following it, the predator will also become extinct for lack of food. Besides acting as ‘conduits’ for energy transfer across trophic levels, predators play other important roles. They keep prey population under control. For example : Tiger and deer. Here Tiger acts as a predator and deer as prey.
(b) Camouflage.
Ans : Prey species have evolved various defensive mechanism to lessen the impact of predation. One among these mechanism is camouflage. Here the prey to safeguard themselves from the predator changes its body colour so that predators can not recognise them. For example : some species of insects and frogs are cryptically coloured to avoid being detected easily by the predator. Their colour resembles like colour of tree, leaf etc.
(c) Amensalism.
Ans : Amensalism is the relation between two species where one species in harmed and on the other hand other is unaffected. It is also called antibiosis in which one species secretes antibiotics and inhibits growth of other organism. For example penicillium secretes antibiotics which inhibits the growth of harmful bacteria. Again roots ofblack walnut secrete Juglone chemical which inhibits the growth of seedlings of apple, tomato etc.
Q.14. Distinguish between camouflage and mimicry. Give one example from each.
Ans : In camouflage the organisms change their colour to match with the surrounding. So that their predator can not and leaf insect exhibit the camouflage.
In mimicry, the non poisonous animals and plants try to copy the shape, size and colour of the poisonous one to keep away their enemies. Non poisonous snakes looks like more dangerous, sometimes flowers appear like some animals etc.
Q.15. Write the special characteristics feature of a parasitic organism.
Ans : The special characteristic features of parasitic organisms are:
(i) They are smaller than the host.
(ii) They may be endoparasite a may be ectoparasite.
(iii) They suck the nutrients from the host body only.
(iv) They are completely dependent on the host or partially depend upon the host.
Q.16. What is symbiosis? Give one example each from plant and animal kingdom.
Ans : Symbiosis is a relationship between two organisms where both are benefited and helping each other.
For example Fungus are found in the root of some plants developing a symbiotic relationship which is called mycorrhiza. Again hermit crab and Algae are found together having symbiotic relationship.
III. Question for 3 Marks :
Q.1. What to you mean by competition? Define intraspecific and interspecific competition.
Ans : Competition can be defined as the struggle for existence between two closely related species or organisms who are sharing the same resources that are limiting like food, shelter and reproduction.
Intraspecific Competition : This is the competition between two groups. of organisms or individuals of the same species for food, shelter and reproduction, eg. fight between two male dogs for mating with one female, sharing a piece of meat or living in a house.
Interspecific Competition : When the competition is taking place between two different species for food and shelter, then it is called as interspecific competition. Struggle between tiger and deer is the example of interspecific competition.
Q.2. Define the process of migration. What is immigration and emigration?
Ans : The process of movement of organism from a place to another place in search of food, good climate, habitat and return to their original habitat when the stressful period is over.
Immigration : When the individuals are coming into a population to increase the size of the population, then it is called immigration. It is called the positive factor of population.
Emigration : When the individuals are going out of a population to decrease the size of the population, then it is called Emigration. It is called as negative factor of population.
Q.3. What are the levels of organisation.
Ans : The levels of organization are:
(a) Organisms (individual).
(b) Populations.
(c) Communities. and
(d) Biome.
Q.4. What is adaptation? Describe the adaptation in organisms to extreme environmental condition.
Ans : Adaptation is any attribute of the organism which is morphological, physiological and behavioural that enables the organisms to survive and the reproduce in its habitat.
Some adaptation in organisms to extreme environmental conditions are mentioned below :
(i) Many desert plants have a thick cuticle on their leaf surfaces and have their stomata arranged in deep pits to minimise water loss trough transpiration.
(ii) Mammal from colder climates generally have shorter ears and limbs to minimise heat loss.
(iii) Some species are capable of burrowing into the soil to hide and escape from the above ground heat.
| Sl. No. | CONTENTS |
| Chapter 1 | Reproduction in Organisms |
| Chapter 2 | Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants |
| Chapter 3 | Human Reproduction |
| Chapter 4 | Reproductive Health |
| Chapter 5 | Principles of Inheritance and Variation |
| Chapter 6 | Molecular Basis of Inheritance |
| Chapter 7 | Evolution |
| Chapter 8 | Human Health and Disease |
| Chapter 9 | Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production |
| Chapter 10 | Microbes in Human Welfare |
| Chapter 11 | Biotechnology: Principles And Processes |
| Chapter 12 | Biotechnology and its Applications |
| Chapter 13 | Organisms and Populations |
| Chapter 14 | Ecosystem |
| Chapter 15 | Biodiversity and Conservation |
| Chapter 16 | Bioresources of Assam |
| Chapter 17 | Environmental Issues |
Q.5. In an aquarium two herbaceous species of fish are living together and feeds on phytoplankton. As per Gause theorem one of the species is to be eliminated in course of time. But it is found that both of the species are surviving in the aquarium. Give possible reasons.
Ans : According to Gause’s theorem one of the species is to be eliminated in course of time but practically it is seen that both of the species are swimming in the aquarium. It is because in Gauss’s theorem it is also mentioned that this is true only if resources are limiting but not otherwise As we know that aquarium is an artificial ecosystem not natural so the phytoplanktons has to be supplied from the outside as it can not grow its own. So depending upon the population of the fish phytoplanktons are supplied as per need. So competition does not occur between them and both can live.
Q.6. What are the mechanism developed by the prey to avoid predators?
Ans : The mechanism developed by the prey to avoid predators are :
(i) Some species of insects and frogs are cryptically colours i.e. camouflaged to avoid being detected easily by the predator.
(ii) As plants can not escape from its predators so they have evolved an astonishing variety of morphological and chemical defenses b against herbivores.
(iii) The monarch butterfly is highly distasteful to its predator, which is w bird, because of a special chemical present in its body.
Q.7. What is parasitism? Describe the endoparasite and ectoparasite with examples.
Ans : The process in which the parasites live in the host body and acquire their essential food and nutrition is known as parasitism. Most of the parasites causes harm to the hosts.
There are mainly two types of parasites :
Endoparasite : Those organism that live inside the host body at different places and acquire their essential food from it is known as endoparasite. For example – Plasmodium
Ectoparasite : These organisms or parasites that feed on the external surface of the host organism are called ectoparasites. For example, Mosquito, Bed bug, Leech etc.
Q.8. Explain the different types of adaptation adopted by plants to avoid predators?
Ans : The adaptation adopted by the plants to avoid predators are :
(i) Cactus are those with small spines throughout the plant body, hence no herbivorous animal feed on them.
(ii) Some plants have oxalis like alkaloid and protects from the herbivorous animals. eg. colocasia.
(iii) Some plants having different taste and hence protected from predators, eg. Neem, Bryophyllum.
(iv) Caffeine, nicotine, quinine, opium are the product which repels the plant predators easily.
(v) There are some plants which are with sticky substance over the to leaf or stem and hence not feed by the herbivorous animals.
Q.9. What role the predators play in the ecosystem?
Ans : Predators are playing an important role in the ecosystem. Generally on the basis of predation, some animals are released in the biological control agent. Moreover predation maintains the food chain in the ecosystem. Predation keeps the population under control. So we can say that predation is most important to balance the ecological equilibrium.
Q.10. Describe the phenomenon of mutualism with examples.
Ans : The interaction confers benefits on both the interacting species. For example : Lichens represent an intimate mutualistic relationship between a fungus and photosynthesising algae or cyanobacteria. Here the fungi helps the plant in absorption of water and minerals whereas the algae prepare the food.
The most spectacular and evolutionarily fascinating examples of mutualism are found in plant animal relationships. Plants need the help of animals for pollinating their flowers and dispersing their seeds. Plants offer rewards in the form of pollen and nectar for pollinators and fruits for seed disperses.
Q.11. What are the attributes of population growth?
Ans : A population has certain attributes that an individual organism does not. An individual may have birth or death but a population may have birth rate or death rate.
Birth rate: The no. of births in a definite time periode is called the birth rate, It is a positive factor to the population.
Death rate: The no. of deaths in a population in an interval of time period is called the death rate. It is called the negative factor. Another attribute characteristic of a population is sex ratio. An individual in either a male or a female but a population has a sex ratio. Again the size of the population gives us its status in the habitat.
Q.12. Describe the various type of positive and negative interaction between different species?
Ans : In nature animals, plants and microbes can not live in isolation but they interact in various ways to form a biological community. Interspecific interactions arise from the interaction of populations of two different species. They could be beneficial, detrimental or neutral to one of the species or both. Assigning a ‘+’sign for beneficial interaction, ‘–’ ve sign for detrimental and ‘O’ for neutral interaction.
In mutualism both the species benefits whereas in competition both of them lose in interaction with each other. In both parasitism and predation one species i.e. parasites and predator gets the benefit and the interaction is detrimental to the other species i.e. host and prey. The interaction where one species gets the benefit whereas the other neither benefited nor harmed is called commensalism. But in amensalism on the other hand one species is harmed and the other is unaffected.
Assigning a ‘+’ sign for beneficial interaction, ‘–’ sign for detrimental and 0 for neutral interaction, all possible outcomes of interspecific interactions are shown in the table below-
Table : Population Interactions
| Species A/ individual | Species A/ Individual | Name of the Interaction |
| + | + | Mutualism |
| – | – | Competition |
| + | – | Predation |
| + | – | Parasitism |
| + | 0 | Commensalism |
| – | 0 | Amensalism |
Q.13. In what ways are prey species benefited from the predators? Do scavengers which feed on the same species have the same effect? Explain.
Ans : Prey species is benefited from the predator by :
(i) The member is checked.
(ii) Population is maintained.
(iii) Maintain the food chain.
Scavengers also playing an important role :
(i) They clean the environment.
(ii) They maintain the food chain.
(iii) They minimize the growth of harmful organisms.
Q.14. What is ecological niche of an organism? Why it is believed that no two species can occupy exactly the same niche?
Ans : An ecological niche refers to animals place in the biotic environment and its relation to its food and enemies or its functional role in an, ecosystem. No two species can occupy the same ecological niche. If they do occur in the same in the geographical area, then they use different food items or are active at different times or are occupying somewhat different niches. In case, two different species found in the same ecological niche, then only one survives while other is excluded.
IV. Long questions for 5 Marks :
Q.1. How does population interacts? Give the different types of interactions found in population.
Ans : See Q. No. 12 (‘E’ type)
Q.2. Name and define the attributes of an individual and a population.
Ans : See Q. No. 11 (above ‘E’ type)
Q.3. Describe the logistic population growth curve with suitable examples.
Ans : No population of any species in nature has its disposal unlimited resources to permit exponential growth. This leads to competition between individuals for limited resources. Here the fittest individual will survive and reproduce. In nature, a given habitat enough resources to support a maximum possible number, beyond which no further growth is possible. This is known as nature’s carrying capacity (K) for that species in that habitat.
A population growing in a habitat with limited resources show initially a lag phase, followed by phases of acceleration and deceleration and finally an asymptote, when the population density reaches, the carrying capacity. A plot of population density (N) in relation to time (t) results in a sigmoid curve. This type of population growth is called verhulst – Pearl logistic Growth and described by the following equation.
dN/dt = rn (N –N/k)
Where, N = Population density at time t.
r = intrinsic rate of natural increase.
K = carrying capacity
Q.4. Parasitism is a specific interactions in which one partner derives benefits at the expense of other. What are the evidence or facts observed due to parasitism.
Ans : Parasitism is such type of process where between two species one gets benefited whereas,the other is harmed. Here the benefited species is known as parasite and the other is host. Parasitism has evolved in so many taxonomic groups from plants to higher vertebrates. Majority of the parasites harm the host, they may reduce the survival, growth and reproduction of the host and reduce its population density. They may render the host more vulnerable to predation by making it physically weak.
For example : Cuscuton, a parasitic plant that is commonly found growing on hedge plants has lost its chlorophyll and leaves in the course of evolution. It derives its nutrition from the host plant which it parasitises.
Q.5. How does abiotic factor influences the growth and development in plants?
Ans : The abiotic factors that influences the growth and development in plants are – temperature, water, light and soil.
Temperature : The most ecologically relevant environmental factor is temperature. The average temperature on land varies seasonally, decreases progressively from equator towards the poise and from plains to the mountain tops. The temperature tolerance in plants varies with places. As without temperature organism can not survive likewise excess temperature is also harmful for plants.
Water : After temperature, water is the most important factor influencing the life of organism. In the process of growth and development a particular amount of water is essential which take part in the process of photosynthesis. The productivity and distribution of plant is also heavily dependent upon water.
Light : Light is also very important factor which is very much essential for photosynthesis. Sunlight is source of energy for plants. Many plants depend on sunlight to meet their photoperiodic requirement for flowering.
Soil : This is the part where plants anchor and keep themselves upright. The nature and properties of soil in different places vary and so the type of plant grow there also varies. The soil type also depends on soil unlike other products directly on food.
Q.6. What is age-pyramid? Describe the pre-reproductive, reproductive and post-reproductive age pyramids with suitable diagrams.
Ans : A population at any given period of time is composed of individuals of different ages. If the age distribution is plotted for the population, the resulting structure is called an age pyramid. The shape of the pyramids reflects the growth status of the population whether it is
(a) growing.
(b) stable. or
(c) declining.
Q.7. ‘Nature has a carrying capacity for a species’. Explain the stątement with suitable examples.
Ans : Carrying capacity can be defined as feeding capacity of an environment of an ecosystem for a population of species under provided set of conditions. It is also stated that level beyond which no major increase can occur.
Carrying capacity is depended upon three major systems.
(i) Productive system.
(ii) Protective system.
(iii) Assimilative system.
For example, A crop field is enough for 1000 grass happer, if the number is increased more than 1000 then the grass happer can not feed on the grasses property. That means, the carrying capacity of the crop field is 1000 grass happers only.
Q.8. Does light factor affect the distribution of organisms? Give a brief description with some suitable examples of living organisms.
Ans : Light has an important role on the distribution of plants and animals.
Light on the distribution of plants :
(i) The decreasing light intensity at various depth determines the distribution of plants in ocean. For eg. green algae is found on the share line, brown algae found somewhat deeper and red algae in deep water.
(ii) Some plants grow in full sunlight, they are called Halophytes eg. sunflower, poplar, pines etc. Some plants can grow only in shade and are called sciophytes. For eg. Fir, source etc. There are some plants which can grow partly in sunlight and partly in shady area. eg. Tea.
(iii) We know the day length control various physiological processes like flowering, dormancy etc, thus playing an important role in the natural distribution of plants.
(iv) Stratification in terrestrial communities also regulated by sunlight.
Light and distribution of animals :
(i) Lighted place for the diurnal animals and light philic animals.
(ii) Nocturnal or shade loving animals are found in dark and shady areas only.
(iii) Vesperal animals are found in the dark period only and found in that zene only.
Q.9. Name the five key tools for accomplishing the tasks of recombinant DNA technology. Mention the function of each tool.
Ans : Recombinant DNA technology involves the following key tools.
(i) Isolation of DNA : It involves the enzyme lysozyme (bactering), cellulase (plants) and chitinase (fungus).
(ii) Fragmentation of DNA : Here the DNA parts are isolated.
(iii) Amplification of gene: Here the DNA fragments are amplified. The PCR amplify original DNA fragment into multiple copies of DNA fragments.
(iv) Joining of DNA fragments into vector.
(v) Transfering recombinant DNA into host.
(vi) Culturing host cells for multiplication of recombinant DNA.
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Can i get previous year question of this chapter plzz???