NIOS Class 12 History Chapter 20 India National Movement & Contemporary India

NIOS Class 12 History Chapter 20 India National Movement & Contemporary India, Solutions to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse throughout different chapters NIOS Class 12 History Chapter 20 India National Movement & Contemporary India and select need one. NIOS Class 12 History Chapter 20 India National Movement & Contemporary India Question Answers Download PDF. NIOS Study Material of Class 12 History Notes Paper 315.

NIOS Class 12 History Chapter 20 India National Movement & Contemporary India

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Also, you can read the NIOS book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) Book guidelines. These solutions are part of NIOS All Subject Solutions. Here we have given NIOS Class 12 History Chapter 20 India National Movement & Contemporary India, NIOS Senior Secondary Course History Solutions for All Chapter, You can practice these here.

India National Movement & Contemporary India

Chapter: 20

HISTORY

TEXT BOOK QUESTIONS AND THEIR ANSWERS

INTEXT QUESTIONS 20.1 

Q. 1. Read the following statements and mark true or false:

(i) The history of nationalism is as old as the history of mankind. (true/false)

Ans: False.

(ii) The idea of nationalism has its origins in the history of modern Europe. (true/ false)

Ans: True.

(iii) Nationalism was the result of the modern industrial economy. (true/false) 

Ans: True.

(iv) In India the realisation of nationalism had not come about until the middle of the 19th century. (true/false)

Ans: True.

Q. 2. Mention two points which are crucial to the understanding of Indian nationalism.

Ans: (i) Opposition to British colonial rule and.

(ii) A unity of Indian people.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 20.2

Q. 1. Answer the following questions:

(i) Name the reformer who attacked the practice of Sati.

Ans: Rammohan Roy.

(ii) Which Indian reformer advocated widow remarriage?

Ans: Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar.

(iii) Name the organisation founded by Rammohan Roy.

Ans: Brahmo Samaj.

Q. 2. Mention two important features of cultural nationalism. 

Ans: Following were the two important features of cultural nationalism:

(i) Opposition to some element of the traditional Indian culture.

(ii) A resistance to the encroachment of colonial culture in the lives of the people.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 20.3

Q. 1. Answer the following questions:

(i) Name some of the Indian leaders who argued that the British rule was exploiting Indian economy.

Ans: Dadabhai Naoroji, R.C. Dutt, Mahadev Govind Ranade among others argued that the British rule was exploiting Indian economy.

(ii) What is the drain theory and who propounded it?

Ans: The Drain theory meant a systematic transfer of Indian wealth to England through trade, industry and salaries of the British officials posted in India. It was propounded by Dadabhai Naoroji. 

(iii) What is the importance of economic nationalism?

Ans: The importance of economic nationalism was that it demolished the myth that the British colonial rule was working in the interests of the Indian people.

(iv) How was the idea of economic nationalism used by the leaders of the national movement in the 20th century?

Ans: The ideas of economic nationalism were used by the leaders of the national movement to mobilize the Indian people to fight against the British colonial rule.

Q. 2. Fill in the blanks:

(i) British East India Company carried on an ___ with India.

Ans: unequal trade.

(ii) Dadabhai Naoroji wrote the book _____.

Ans: Poverty and the un-British Rule in India.

(iii) The actual drain from India to England amounted to _______ of India’s total savings. 

Ans: One third.

(iv) The colonial rulers exploited India as a source of _____ for their industries. 

 Ans:  Raw material.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 20.4

Q. 1. Answer the following questions: 

Q. (i) Who founded Arya Samaj?

Ans: Dayanand Saraswati.

(ii) What, according to Indian leaders, were the central ideas of the western civilization?

Ans: Individualism, secularism and rationalism.

(iii) Name the Indian leader who introduced Ganapati festival in order to reach out to the people.

Ans: Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

Q. 2. Read the following statements and mark true or false:

(i) Bankim Chandra felt that the ideas of western civilization could be applied to India. (true/false)

Ans: False.

(ii) Leaders like Dayanand and Vivekanand derived their inspiration from the European texts. (true/false)

Ans: False.

(iii) Economic nationalism, cultural nationalism and nationalism based on religion followed different paths to arrive at the same end. (true/false) 

Ans: True.

TERMINAL EXERCISE

Q. 1. How did industrialization lead to the development of nationalism in Europe?

Ans: (i) In Europe industrialization played significant role in the development of nationalism.

(ii) The beginning of the industrial revolution produced goods and materials and created wealth at an unprecedented level. This led to the need for the creation of a unified and large market where these goods could be sold.

(iii) The creation of a large market led to a political integration of villages, districts and provinces into a larger state. In this large and complex market different people were required to perform different roles for which they needed to be trained in different skills. But above all they needed to communicate with each other. This created the need for uniform educational centres with focus on the language.

(iv) In pre-modern times majority of the people learnt language and other skills in their local environments which differed from each other. But now, because of the new changes brought about by modern economy, a uniform system of training and schooling came into being. Thus, modern English language in England, French in France and German in Germany became the dominant languages in those countries.

Q. 2. How was Indian nationalism different from its European counterparts?

Ans: (i) Indian nationalism was different from its European counterparts. The conditions in India were very different at a time when the idea of nationalism was taking roots in Europe.

(ii) In India industrialization occurred at a very limited scale, while Europe was getting industrialised.

(iii) India was still largely an agrarian economy. Different people spoke different languages.

(iv) Though the feeling of patriotism certainly existed in India in pre-modern times, but nationalism did not exist in India until about the middle of the 19th century.

Q. 3. What was the essence of cultural nationalism?

Ans: (i) The idea of cultural nationalism, as it developed in the 19th century was based on a firm rejection of some of the negative features of the traditional Indian culture by, or its integration ratio, the culture of the colonial rulers.

(ii) It means that the 19th century social reformers wanted the Indian culture to become truly modern, but they did not want it to become totally western. In this sense they were opposed to both the traditional culture but also to the modern colonial culture. This was the essence of cultural nationalism in India.

Q. 4. How did leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and R.C. Dutt contribute to the growth of economic nationalism?

Ans: (i) The origins of economic nationalism can be traced back to the second half of the 19th century when Indian leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, Mahadev Govind Ranade and R.C. Dutt among others began realising that the British rule was economically exploiting India and that it was largely responsible for keeping India under extreme poverty.

(ii) These leaders emphasised that the colonial rule was economically exploiting India in a variety of ways. Initially this exploitation was combined to heavy taxation of the peasantry and the unequal trade with India.

(iii) It was an unequal trade because the British East India Company bought Indian goods very cheap and sold British manufactured goods to India at a very expensive rate. This resulted in India’s wealth going to England. It also destroyed the traditional handicraft industries of India.

(iv) In the 19th century, along with this form of economic exploitation, new and more complex form of exploitation came into being. Now the colonial rulers exploited India as a supplier of raw material for their industries and a market where the goods produced in the British industries could be sold.

(v) India was made to cultivate those raw materials which were required by British industries. The impact of this was that India’s wealth, which could have been utilised for India’s industrialization and economic development, was utilised instead for Britain’s economic development. The Indian nationalist leaders learnt these vital facts and propagated them at the same time.

(vi) The early nationalist leaders argued that the British colonial rule, in a variety of ways, completely subordinated Indian economy to the economy of Great Britain.

(vii) In their view the direction of the Indian economy was being geared to suit the needs of British economy.

(viii) They demanded an end to the flow of England and the Indian wealth to England and the industrialization of India with the help of Indian capital only, so that it would benefit India and Indian people.

(ix) In order to achieve this, the nationalist leaders demanded self-rule, or self-government or Swaraj for their country.

Q. 5. What are the various ways in which the British colonial rule subordinated Indian economy to the economy of Great Britain?

Ans: (i) As a part of their understanding about a steady economic exploitation of India, nationalist leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji in particular propounded the ‘drain theory’. He also wrote a famous book Poverty and the Un- British Rule in India. In his book he argued that India’s economic resources were being systematically syphoned off to England through trade, industrialization and high salaries to British officials which were being paid by Indian money. 

(ii) According to the nationalist leaders this ‘drain’ amounted to one half of government revenues and more than one third of India’s total savings. It was thus that Britain’s enrichment and India’s impoverishment were taking place simultaneously.

Q. 6. What was the relationship between religion and nationalism in the perception of leaders like Dayanand Saraswati, Vivekanand and Aurobindo Ghosh?

Ans: (i) In the second half of the 19th century a thinking on Indian nationalism based on religion came into being. Leaders like Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Dayanand Saraswati, Vivekanand and Aurobindo Ghosh made Hindu religion and its ideas the motivating force behind Indian nationalism.

(ii) These leaders looked upon the British presence in India as an attempt by the western civilization to dominate the Indian civilization.They were completely opposed to this domination.

(iii) These leaders were convinced that although the British had succeeded in conquering India, the Eastern civilization was superior to the Western one.

(iv) These leaders understood the Western civilization to be based on the ideas of individualism rather than spirituality and found them to be completely unsuitable for India.

(v) Vivekanand believed that the western ideas had to be re-modelled according to the Indian situation. He said, ‘In Europe, political ideas form the national unity. In Asia religious. ideas form the national unity.'”

Q. 7. How was the development of Indian nationalism related to the development of the Indian National Movement?

Ans: (i) The development of Indian nationalism was related to the development of the Indian National Movement.

(ii) Although various kinds of nationalisms may seem different from each other, they actually had many things in common. They were different from one another only to the extent that they followed different paths so come to the same destination.

(iii) They were also not opposed to each other in any fundamental sense. They were all opposed to the British colonial rule but their opposition was based on different grounds.

(iv) The advocates of cultural nationalism believed that the colonial rule had started encroaching into Indian culture which should be resisted.

(v) The profounders of economic nationalism argued that the colonial rule was economically exploiting India and was the main factor in keeping India backward.

(vi) Leaders like Bankim Chandra and Vivekanand opposed the British rule on the ground that it was tempering with the spiritual resources of India. All the three were opposed to the colonial rule because of its impact on the Indian people. Their ideas helped in the building of a powerful anti- colonial Indian national movement in the 20th century which finally defeated and overthrew the colonial rule from India.

Multiple Choice Questions

Tick (✓) the correct answer. 

Q. 1. Uniformity in communication systems resulted in the creation of a

(a) regional culture.

(b) national culture.

(c) national civilization.

(d) none of the above.

Ans: (b) national culture.

Q. 2. State, as a central authority, came into being after the beginning of:

(a) organised agriculture.

(b) organised market. 

(c) reformations.

(d) none of the above.

Ans: (a) organised agriculture.

Q. 3. The need for a state became greater with the

(a) Onset of industrialization.

(b) organised agriculture.

(c) organised market.

(d) regional economy.

Ans: (a) Onset of industrialization.

Q. 4. Nationalism means:

(a) unified system of administration.

(b) common language and a shared high culture.

(c) political integration.

(d) all of the above.

Ans: (d) all of the above.

Q. 5. Nationalism did not exist in India until about the middle of the

(a) 18th century.

(b) 19th century.

(c) 20th century.

(d) 16th century.

Ans: (b) 19th century.

Q. 6. Nationalism in India developed primarily as a response to the:

(a) French rule.

(b) American supremacy.

(c) British rule.

(d) German rule.

Ans: (c) British rule.

Q. 7. Who of the following played significant role in the Revolt of 1857?

(a) Zamindars.

(b) Peasants and soldiers.

(c) Rulers.

(d) All of the above.

Ans: (d) All of the above.

Q. 8. Who of the following attacked the practice of ‘Sati’?

(a) Rammohan Roy.

(b) Dayanand Saraswati.

(c) Vivekanand.

(d) Subhash Chandra Bose. 

Ans: (a) Rammohan Roy.

Q. 9. Who advocated remarriage of widows?

(a) Motilal Nehru.

(b) Dayanand Saraswati.

(c) Swami Permananda.

(d) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar. 

Ans: (d) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar. 

Q. 10. The leader who argued that the British rule was exploiting Indian economy, was: 

(a) Dadabhai Naoroji.

(b) R.C. Dutta.

(c) M.G. Rande.

(d) All of the above.

Ans: (d) All of the above.

Q.11. Who propounded the Drain theory?

(a) Dadabhai Naoroji.

(b) Motilal Nehru.

(c) Tilak.

(d) Keshab Chandra Sen.

Ans: (a) Dadabhai Naoroji. 

Q. 12. The colonial rulers exploited India as a source of ______ for their industries.

(a) Finished product. 

(b) Cotton.

(c) raw materials.

(d) none of the above.

Ans: (c) raw materials.

Q. 13. Who founded Arya Samaj?

(a) Dayanand Saraswati.

(b) Swami Vivekanand.

(c) Keshab Chandra Sen.

(d) Sumitra Singh.

Ans: (a) Dayanand Saraswati.

Q. 14. What according to Indian leaders, were the central ideas of the western civilization? 

(a) Individualism.

(b) Secularism.

(c) Rationalism.

(d) All of the above.

Ans: (d) All of the above. 

Q. 15. Dadabhai Naoroji wrote the book:

(a) Drain theory.

(b) poverty and the Un-British rule in India.

(c) On political theory.

(d) On social conditions.

 Ans: (b) poverty and the Un-British rule in India.

Q. 16. Who introduced Gangapati festival in order to reach out to the people?

(a) Rajgopalachari.

(b) Bipin Chandra Pal.

(c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

(d) Anie Besant.

Ans: (c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak.