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NIOS Class 10 Psychology Chapter 11 Adolescence and its Challenges
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Adolescence and its Challenges
Chapter: 11
TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS ANSWERS
INTEXT QUESTIONS 11.1
Q.1. Explain the factors that determine pattern of adolescent transition.
Ans: Period of transition, rapid physical and psychological changes, New social roles, independence, faces conflicts.
Q.2. Define adolescence. Identify the various challenges faced by an adolescent.
Ans: Adolescence is a period of transition when the individual changes physically and psychologically-from a child to an adult. It is a period when rapid physiological and psychological changes demand for new social roles to take place. The adolescents, due to these changes often face a number of crises and dilemmas. It is the period when the child moves from dependency to autonomy. It demands significant adjustment to the physical and social changes.
Adolescence for both girls and boys is marked largely by social changes. Such factors as when an adolescent leaves home, gets a job and can vote determine when his or her transition from childhood to adulthood is accomplished. The length of this period is thus primarily a social phenomenon.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 11.2
Q.1. Developmental tasks of adolescents include:
(a) Preparing for marriage and family.
(b) Crawling and creeping.
(c) Reflecting childish behaviours.
(d) None of the above.
Ans: (d) None of the above.
Q.2. How many developmental tasks were described by Robert Havinghurst?
(a) 10
(b) 6
(c) 9
(d) 8
Ans: 10
INTEXT QUESTIONS 11.3
Q.1. Explain how adolescence is a period of rapid physical growth and sexual development.
Ans: Surge in growth, height and weight, skeletal and muscular growth, sex hormones, sexual development, sex hormones, strength and skill.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 11.4
Q.1. Explain the meaning of gender role.
Ans: ‘Gender roles’ refer to the expectations concerning the roles males and females should perform and the ways they should behave. Such expectations come into play as soon as a child is born.
TERMINAL QUESTIONS
Q.1. What are the primary and secondary characteristics during adolescence?
Ans: Adolescence is both biological and social in nature. The beginning of adolescence is marked by biological changes in girls and boys. As a matter of fact, just before puberty there occurs what is known as pre-adolescent growth spurt. It takes place in girls mostly during the age of nine to twelve years, and in boys between eleven and fourteen years of age. During this period, and following shortly thereafter, the secondary sexual characteristics emerge. In girls there is typically rounding out of the hips, breast development, appearance of pubic hair, and menstruation. In boys, some of the secondary sexual characteristics that mark the beginning of adolescence are appearance of pubic hair, facial hair, and change of voice. These changes are biologically induced.
Adolescence for both girls and boys is marked largely by social changes. Such factors as when an adolescent leaves home, gets a job and can vote determine when his or her transition from childhood to adulthood is accomplished. The length of this period is thus primarily a social phenomenon.
The problems adolescents face during the long period of growing up have both biological and social roots. Physical changes and deviation can create many problems. Society also creates problems for adolescents. Adolescents in western societies behave differently than adolescents in eastern societies owing to varying social norms, expectations and family structure.
Q.2. What are the developmental tasks of adolescents?
Ans: The term “developmental task”, refers to those problems that individuals typically face at different periods during their life. An infant or a small child must master the complexities of learning to walk, learning to talk, and controlling the elimination of waste products of the body. In middle childhood such skills as learning to play games and learning to read become of major importance. So as adolescents are concerned, the developmental tasks present the vital problems which must be met and solved during the transition from childhood to adulthood. These problems are not entirely unique to the adolescent period, but they are ones upon which the adolescent must work if he eventually expects to achieve a successful adult role.
Q.3. Give a detailed account of major challenges faced during adolescence.
Ans: The term “developmental task”, refers to those problems that individuals typically face at different periods during their life. An infant or a small child must master the complexities of learning to walk, learning to talk, and controlling the elimination of waste products of the body. In middle childhood such skills as learning to play games and learning to read become of major importance.
The major challenge face during adolescence are given below:
(i) Sexual Orientation: It refers to an individual’s pattern of physical and emotional arousal towards other persons. Heterosexual individuals are attracted to persons of the opposite sex. Adolescents become conscious of their sexual orientation and it may become difficult for him/her to accept that his/her sexual orientation is different from that of peers.
(ii) Gender identity: It refers to a perception of one’s own gender which may or may not correspond to their birth sex. It is affected by gender role expectations from society. Some adolescents may show traits associated with the other gender causing adjustment problems. Bern’s test to assess gender identity suggests traits of masculinity like assertiveness, dominance, self-sufficiency, etc., and of femininity is nurturance, empathy, etc. When teenagers are inhibited from behaving in a wave that is natural for behaving in a way that is natural for him/her, they may become timid or rebellious.
(iii) Bullying: It refers to a form of aggressive behaviour, displayed by both boys and girls to gain power/prestige. Males indulge in bullying as part of powerful groups. Victims of bullying have low self-esteem, lack trust in others, engage in self-destructive behaviour, or fall into depression.
