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NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 27 Field Surveys
Also, you can read the NCERT book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) Book guidelines. CBSE Class 12 Geography Solutions are part of All Subject Solutions. Here we have given NCERT Class 12 Geography: Fundamentals of Human Geography, Geography: India People and Economy, Geography: Practical Work in Geography. NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 27 Field Surveys Notes, NCERT Class 12 Geography Textbook Solutions for All Chapters, You can practice these here.
Field Surveys
Chapter: 27
PART – III PRACTICAL WORK IN GEOGRAPHY
Very Short Type Questions Answer
1. What is a field survey?
Ans: Field survey is basically conducted to collect information about the chosen problem for which varied types of tools are required.
2. What are different sources of information?
Ans: Maps, atlases and globes are the main sources of geographical information.
3. What are the techniques of data collection?
Ans: (i) Interviews.
(ii) Maps.
(iii) Questionnaire.
(iv) Bar graphs.
Short Type Questions Answer
1. What is the importance of field work and local survey?
Ans: Field surveys facilitate the collection of local level information that is not available through secondary sources. It is very important as it helps to gather required information so as the problems under investigation are studied in depth as per the predefined objectives.
2. Give reasons for poverty.
Ans: Unemployment or little to no access to livelihoods without money from employment, individuals and communities suffer poverty as a direct causation. Concentration of land ownership equates to unequal distribution of resources. Overpopulation can tax limited resources and cause environmental degradation.
3. What steps will you take before conducting a survey of flood affected areas?
Ans: Control of Floods. Some methods of flood control have been practised since ancient times. These methods include planting vegetation to retain extra water, terracing hillsides to slow flow downhill, and the construction of floodways (man-made channels to divert floodwater).
Long Type Questions Answer
1. What is the significance of field work in studying geography? What are the main objectives of conducting a field survey?
Ans: Here are some of the key significances and objectives of conducting field surveys in geography:
(i) Data Collection: In terms of geography, data collection methods such as observation, surveys, and interviews tend to be more qualitative, whereas specimen sampling, mapping, and remote sensing tend to be more quantitative.
(ii) Observation and Analysis: Observation involves seeing, touching, smelling, and hearing the environment and making implicit or explicit comparisons with previous experience. Further, seeing implies a vantage point, a place-both social and geographical-at which we position ourselves to observe and be part of the world.
(iii) Verification of Hypotheses: Several conformations of a hypothesis are supposed to lead to the verification of that hypothesis. The verified hypothesis is then used as law until the results of later research reject it. Deduction begins with a theory from which a hypothesis is derived and then tested.
(iv) Mapping and Cartography: Cartography, the art and science of graphically representing a geographical area, usually on a flat surface such as a map or chart. It may involve the superimposition of political, cultural, or other non geographical divisions onto the representation of a geographical area.
(v) Environmental Assessment: An environmental impact assessment (EIA) aims to anticipate the likely impacts of a resource extraction project on surface and groundwater, soil, air, biota and humans – and then modify the project to try and minimise the negative impacts.
(vi) Cultural and Social Studies: In broad terms, cultural geography examines the cultural values, practices, discursive and material expressions and artefacts of people, the cultural diversity and plurality of society, and how cultures are distributed over space, how places and identities are produced, how people make sense of places and build senses.
(vii) Education and Training: It’s not just about knowing places; it’s about comprehending how these places interact and influence each other. By diving into geography, we equip ourselves with the knowledge to make informed decisions and broaden our perspective on global issues, fostering a true sense of global awareness.
(viii) Policy Making and Planning: Generally, policy making means deciding what we are going to do in our community, not how we are going to do it. Our annual budget, capital improvement plan, master plan, and economic development strategy are all policy statements that define a course for our community. Policy making can be passive as well as active.
(ix) Some of the key significance and objectives of conducting field surveys in geography: Field surveys enhance our understanding about patterns and spatial distributions, their associations and relationships at the local level. Field surveys facilitate the collection of local level information that is not available through secondary sources.
(x) Data Collection: In terms of geography, data collection methods such as observation, surveys, and interviews tend to be more qualitative, whereas specimen sampling, mapping, and remote sensing tend to be more quantitative.
(xi) Observation and Analysis: Observation involves seeing, touching, smelling, and hearing the environment and making implicit or explicit comparisons with previous experience. Further, seeing implies a vantage point, a place-both social and geographical-at which we position ourselves to observe and be part of the world.
(xii) Verification of Hypotheses: Statistical analysts test a hypothesis by measuring and examining a random sample of the population being analysed. The four steps of hypothesis testing include stating the hypotheses, formulating an analysis plan, analysing the sample data, and analysing the result.
(xiii) Mapping and Cartography: Cartography, the art and science of graphically representing a geographical area, usually on a flat surface such as a map or chart. It may involve the superimposition of political, cultural, or other non geographical divisions onto the representation of a geographical area. cartography.
(xiv) Environmental Assessment: An environmental impact assessment (EIA) aims to anticipate the likely impacts of a resource extraction project on surface and groundwater, soil, air, biota and humans – and then modify the project to try and minimise the negative impacts.
(xv) Cultural and Social Studies: In broad terms, cultural geography examines the cultural values, practices, discursive and material expressions and artefacts of people, the cultural diversity and plurality of society, and how cultures are distributed over space, how places and identities are produced, how people make sense of places and build senses.
(xvi) Education and Training: It’s not just about knowing places; it’s about comprehending how these places interact and influence each other. By diving into geography, we equip ourselves with the knowledge to make informed decisions and broaden our perspective on global issues, fostering a true sense of global awareness.
(xvii) Policy Making and Planning: Generally, policy making means deciding what we are going to do in our community, not how we are going to do it. Our annual budget, capital improvement plan, master plan, and economic development strategy are all policy statements that define a course for our community. Policy making can be passive as well as active.
2. Discuss in detail the local survey of drought affected areas conducted by you.
Ans: (i) Data Collection Methods:
(a) Field Surveys: Field surveys are basically conducted to collect information about the chosen problem for which varied types of tools are required. These include secondary information including maps and other data, field observation, data generated by interviewing people through questionnaires.
(b) Remote Sensing: Remote sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance (typically from satellite or aircraft). Special cameras collect remotely sensed images, which help researchers “sense” things about the Earth.
(c) Interviews and Questionnaires: Questionnaires and interviews differ in their methodology. Questionnaires employ a standardised set of questions, allowing for easy administration and analysis. Interviews, on the other hand, provide a more flexible and adaptable approach, with the interviewer tailoring the questions based on the respondent’s answers.
(d) Secondary Data Sources: Secondary data is usually gathered from the published (printed) sources. A few major sources of published information are as follows: Published articles of local bodies, and central and state governments. Statistical synopses, census records, and other reports issued by the different departments of the government.
(ii) Field Survey Procedures:
(a) If the research team decides that conducting a field survey is in fact feasible, they can move to the process of preparing for field surveys.
(b) This process involves multiple stages such as drafting, piloting, programming, and translating, with clearly defined timelines for each step.
(iii) Data Analysis:
(a) What is geospatial data analysis? Geospatial data analysis involves collecting, combining, and visualising various types of geospatial data.
(b) It is used to model and represent how people, objects, and phenomena interact within space, as well as to make predictions based on trends in the relationships between places.
(iv) Reporting and Recommendations:
(a) Writing a geographical report may seem like a daunting task, but it’s actually quite straightforward.
(b) The first step is to identify the subject or research question.
(c) Then, collect and analyse data to answer your question or explore your subject.
3. Draw a sample schedule for conducting a poverty survey in the city.
Ans:
Other Textual Questions & Answers
1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below:
(i) Which one of the following helps most in planning for a field survey?
(a) Personal interviews.
(b) Secondary information.
(c) Measurements.
(d) Experimentation.
Ans: (b) Secondary information.
(ii) Which one of the following is taken up at the conclusion of a field survey.
(a) Data entry and tabulation.
(b) Report writing.
(c) Computation of indices.
(d) None of the above.
Ans: (b) Report writing.
(iii) What is most important at the initial stages of a field survey?
(a) Outlining the objectives.
(b) Collection of secondary information.
(c) Defining the spatial and thematic coverage.
(d) Sample design.
Ans: (a) Outlining the objectives.
(iv) What level of information is acquired during a field survey?
(a) Macro-level information.
(b) Meso-level information.
(c) Micro-level information.
(d) All of the above levels of information.
Ans: (a) Macro level information.
2. Give one word answer:
1. Name three fixed elements.
Ans: Building fields canals.
2. Give two examples of natural disasters.
Ans: Droughts and floods.
3. What is map orientation?
Ans: The setting of a map according to the main direction.
4. State the two steps of the field survey.
Ans: Collection of data and tabulation of data.
5. Name the main elements of the environment.
Ans: Water, land, air, plants, animals.
6. How many families are normally selected for conducting a household survey?
Ans: 50 to 100 families.
7. What type of area should be selected for conducting a poverty survey?
Ans: A slum area.
8. How can fall in ground water level be checked?
Ans: 1. By rain water harvesting.
2. By water conservation.
9. Why is ground water level falling rapidly?
Ans: Because of excessive use of ground water.
10. Name three major causes of pollution.
Ans: Industries, transport, use of chemicals in agriculture.
11. What is a water table?
Ans: The upper level of ground water.
12. State the method of showing data.
Ans: Tally marks.
13. What is a sample survey?
Ans: When the whole area is not surveyed but a part of the area is only surveyed; it is called a sample survey.
14. What do you mean by field survey?
Ans: Field work involves observing the area personally to collect data.
15. Name three equipments required for field survey.
Ans: Notebook, topo maps and camera.
2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words:
(i) Why is a field survey required?
Ans: A field survey is required because it facilitates the collection of local level information.
The field survey are carried out to gather required information so as the problem under investigation is studied in depth as predefined objectives.
(ii) List the tools and techniques used during a field survey.
Ans: The tools which are used during a field survey include secondary information including maps and other data, field observation, data generated by interviewing people through questionnaires.
(iii) What type of coverages need to defined before undertaking a field survey?
Ans: An investigator has to decide whether the survey will be conducted in the form of a census for the entire population or will be based on a selected sample. If the study area is not very
large but composed of diverse elements than the entire population should be surveyed.
(iv) Describe survey design in brief.
Ans: A framework of sample survey including its size and method of studying selection is to be decided in relation to objectives of survey variations in population and cost and time constraints.
(v) Why is the well-structured question-naire important for a field survey?
Ans: The questionnaire involves asking previously framed questions to the person to be interviewed. Questions should be related to the objectives to get the answer related to the problems. It is important to collect the information relevant to the objectives.
