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NCERT Class 11 Knowledge Traditions and Practices of India Chapter 1 Language and Literature of India
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Language and Literature of India
Chapter: 1
| EXERCISE |
Let us Do.
1. There are many categories of languages: classical languages, modern Indian languages, tribal and minor languages. Why are they called so? Find what this categorisation means.
Ans: India is home to five major language families.
These language families are: Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic, Tibeto-Burmese and Semito-Hamitic. India’s rich linguistic and cultural heritage is mirrored in her literature, both oral and written. Sanskrit belongs to the Indo-European group of languages. Sanskrit was gradually standardised and given a highly scientific grammar by Panini, the great grammarian, in about the fifth century B.C. Sanskrit was the language of religion, philosophy and learning. The people spoke a number of dialects which are called Prakrits. Buddha preached in the language of the people. Buddhist literature was written in Pali, one of the Prakrits. Among the Dravidian languages, Tamil is the most ancient. The others developed during the first millennium of the Christian era. Though Sanskrit again became the predominant language of learning in the period of the Guptas, the Prakrits continued to develop. The various spoken languages that developed are called Apabhramshas. These formed the basis of the modern Indian languages which developed in various regions of India during the mediaeval period.
Modern Indian Languages:
Definition: Modern Indian languages are those currently spoken in India, evolving from ancient languages or arising from cultural and social interactions over centuries. These languages have contemporary relevance and are used in daily communication, media, education, and administration.
Examples:
(i) Hindi.
(ii) Bengali.
(iii) Marathi.
(iv) Gujarati.
(v) Punjabi.
(vi) Assamese.
Tribal Languages:
Definition: Tribal languages are spoken by indigenous tribes in India. These languages often have a smaller number of speakers and are closely tied to the specific cultural and social practices of the tribal communities. They may have oral traditions and less written literature compared to more widely spoken languages.
Characteristics:
Usually spoken by specific tribal communities. May not have a standardised written form. Rich in oral traditions, folklore, and cultural expressions.
Examples:
(i) Santhali.
(ii) Gondi.
(iii) Bhili.
(iv) Mundari.
Minor Languages:
Definition: Minor languages are those spoken by relatively small groups of people within a specific region or community. These languages often face the threat of extinction due to the dominance of major languages and the influence of globalisation.
Characteristics:
(i) Limited geographical spread.
(ii) Small number of speakers.
Examples:
(i) Toda.
(ii) Kodava.
(ii) Jarwa.
(iii) Onge.
2. What makes a language a classical language? Define it.
Ans: A classical language is distinguished by its ancient origins, extensive literary tradition, and formalised structure. These languages have evolved over millennia, possessing a rich body of ancient texts spanning diverse genres such as literature, philosophy, and science. They are characterised by standardised grammar, syntax, and vocabulary established early in their history, reflecting their cultural and intellectual significance. Despite not necessarily being widely spoken today, classical languages continue to influence literature, religion, and scholarly pursuits globally. Their preservation and study contribute to understanding the historical and cultural foundations of societies where they were once predominant. Examples include Sanskrit, Latin, Greek, Classical Chinese, and Classical Arabic, each embodying the enduring legacy of classical linguistic heritage.
3. Select a poem from one language and translate it into as many languages as possible with your friend.
Ans: Selecting a poem from one language and translating it into as many languages as possible can be a fascinating exercise in exploring linguistic diversity and the nuances of translation. It not only highlights the beauty of different languages but also challenges us to capture the essence and emotions of the original poem across various cultural contexts. This collaborative effort between friends can deepen appreciation for both the poem and the richness of global languages, fostering a shared exploration of meaning and expression through translation.
