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NCERT Class 11 Knowledge Traditions and Practices of India Chapter 4 Indian Art and Architecture
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Indian Art and Architecture
Chapter: 4
| EXERCISE |
1. Prepare a timeline on the map of India, either with the help of a free and open software or on a chart paper, showing important places or sites of the Indian art from the beginning up to tenth century C.E.
Ans: To prepare a timeline on the map of India showing important places or sites of Indian art from the beginning up to the tenth century C.E., you can use either a free and open-source software like Inkscape or manually create it on a chart paper. Begin by downloading Inkscape and a blank map of India, then import the map into the software. Identify and mark key art sites such as Bhimbetka Rock Shelters, Mohenjo-Daro, Sanchi Stupa, Ajanta Caves, Ellora Caves, Mahabalipuram, and Khajuraho. Label these sites and create a timeline on the map, marking significant periods and corresponding sites. Alternatively, for a manual approach, draw a simplified outline of India on chart paper and mark the same sites using markers. Draw a timeline below or beside the map, marking significant periods and connecting them to their sites with lines or arrows. Add brief descriptions and decorative elements to enhance visual appeal. This project helps in understanding the historical and cultural significance of various Indian art sites up to the tenth century C.E.
2. Explore any historical archaeological site, monument or museum in your neighbouring area and describe it with illustrations, photographs, sketches, etc.
Ans: From the second century B.C.E. onward, various rulers established their control over the sub-continent: the Shungas, Kanvas, Kushanas and Guptas in the North and parts of central India; the Satvahanas, Ikshavakus, Abhiras, Vakatakas in southern and western India. Incidentally, the period of the second century B.C.E. also marked the rise of the main Brahmanical sects such as the Vaishnavas and the Shaivas. Some of the prominent examples of the finest sculptures are found at Vidisha and Bharhut (Madhya Pradesh), Bodhgaya (Bihar), Jaggayyapeta (Andhra Pradesh), Mathura (Uttar Pradesh), Khandagiri-Udayagiri (Odisha), Bhaja and Pavani (Maharashtra). Bharhut sculptures are tall like the images of Yakśa and Yakśiṇi – of Mauryan period, modelling of the sculptural volume is in low relief maintaining linearity. Images stick to the picture plane. In the relief panels depicting narratives, the illusion of three-dimensionality is shown with tilted perspective. Clarity in the narrative is enhanced by selecting the main events. Mathura, Gandhara and Sarnath schools are predominantly Buddhist. Images of Buddha in Gandhara and Mathura was a parallel development, where it was produced by the local artist craftsmen working in the local tradition. At Mathura, it clearly emerges from the Yaksha tradition. The Buddhist religion flourished under the patronage of Kushan emperors, and several images of the Buddha and Bodhisattvas were produced after the earlier Yakśa types. A typical example of the image of Buddha, from second century C.E., shows him seated cross-legged on a lion-throne, under the Bodhi tree, with his right hand in the gesture of assuring protection, while the left is placed on the thigh. The eyes are wide open and the protuberance on the skull is indicated by a single curl coiled to the left. The hands and feet are marked with auspicious symbols. Two flying figures standing on either side, are shown above. This type of image of the Buddha reached perfection in the Gupta age, three centuries later.
by the local artist craftsmen working in the local tradition. At Mathura, it clearly emerges from the Yaksha tradition. The Buddhist religion flourished under the patronage of Kushan emperors, and several images of the Buddha and Bodhisattvas were produced after the earlier Yakśa types. A typical example of the image of Buddha, from second century C.E., shows him seated cross-legged on a lion-throne, under the Bodhi tree, with his right hand in the gesture of assuring protection, while the left is placed on the thigh. The eyes are wide open and the protuberance on the skull is indicated by a single curl coiled to the left. The hands and feet are marked with auspicious symbols. Two flying figures standing on either side, are shown above. This type of image of the Buddha reached perfection in the Gupta age, three centuries later.
3. Teacher or facilitator can identify an ancient text on art or architecture and discuss with students about when it was written, its relevance, the content, etc.
Ans: Do yourself.
