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NCERT Class 11 Home Science Chapter 3 Food, Nutrition, Health and Fitness
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Food, Nutrition, Health and Fitness
Chapter – 3
| PART – Ⅰ HUMAN ECOLOGY AND FAMILY SCIENCES |
| Unit – Ⅰ Understanding Oneself: Adolescence |
| Review Questions: |
1. Differentiate between the terms RDA and requirement.
Ans: Between the terms RDA and requirement are mentioned below:
(i) Definition: RDA refers to the average daily intake level of a nutrient that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals in a specific age, gender, and life stage group.
(ii) Purpose: It is designed to provide a margin of safety above the actual nutrient requirement to account for individual variations in needs.
(iii) Usage: Used as a guideline for dietary planning and policy-making to ensure optimal health and prevent deficiencies.
(iv) Basis: Derived from research studies and scientific consensus, considering factors like age, gender, and health status.
Requirement:
(i) Definition: A requirement refers to the minimum amount of a nutrient needed by an individual to prevent deficiency and maintain normal physiological functions.
(ii) Purpose: It represents the specific nutrient need for an individual, which may vary widely based on factors such as body size, activity level, health status, and genetics.
(iii) Usage: More relevant in clinical or individualized nutritional assessment where precise determination of needs is required.
(iv) Basis: Based on direct physiological needs without the additional safety margin included in the RDA.
2. Explain how the use of food groups simplifies planning of balanced meals.
Ans: Foods can be grouped on the basis of the predominant nutrients present in them. This classification varies from one country to another depending on many factors. The five food group classification is used in India as a guide to meal planning. Many factors have been considered while compiling these groups such as availability of food, cost, meal pattern, and deficiency diseases are prevalent. Not all foods in each group are equal in their nutrient content. That is why a variety of foods from each group should be included in the diet. A classification based on nutrients present will ensure that all nutrients are made available to the body and offer greater variety within the group. There are five basic food groups suggested by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).
These include:
(i) Cereals, grains and products.
(ii) Pulses and legumes.
(iii) Milk and meat products.
(iv) Fruits and vegetables.
(v) Fats and sugars.
3. List 10 foods which belong to the protective food group, stating reasons for your choice.
Ans: 10 foods to the protective food group, stating reasons for your choice are mentioned below:
(i) Spinach: Packed with vitamins A, C, and K, as well as iron and calcium, spinach helps boost immunity and bone health.
(ii) Carrots: Rich in vitamin A, carrots promote healthy vision and skin, and protect against infections.
(iii) Broccoli: Loaded with vitamins C and K, as well as fiber, broccoli supports a healthy gut and boosts immunity.
(iv) Citrus Fruits (Oranges, Grapefruits, Lemons): Excellent sources of vitamin C, citrus fruits aid in iron absorption and wound healing.
(v) Berries (Strawberries, Blueberries, Raspberries): Rich in antioxidants, berries protect cells from damage and reduce inflammation.
(vi) Tomatoes: A good source of vitamin C and lycopene, tomatoes promote heart health and protect against certain cancers.
(vii) Sweet Potatoes: High in vitamin A and fiber, sweet potatoes support healthy vision and digestion.
(viii) Yogurt: Rich in calcium and probiotics, yogurt strengthens bones and promotes a healthy gut microbiome.
(ix) Fatty Fish (Salmon, Tuna, Mackerel): Rich in omega-3 fatty acids, fatty fish reduce inflammation and support brain function.
(x) Nuts and Seeds: Packed with vitamins, minerals, and healthy fats, nuts and seeds provide essential nutrients for overall health.
4. Discuss the factors that influence eating behaviour at adolescence.
Ans: The time a person reaches adolescence the influences on eating habits are numerous and the formation of those habits is extremely complex. The growing independence of adolescents, increased participation in social life, and a generally busy schedule of activities have a definite impact on what they eat. They are beginning to buy and prepare more food for themselves and they often eat rapidly and away from home. In order to encourage adolescents to form reasonably healthy eating habits, parents should give their children the opportunity to choose from a range of nourishing foods as they are growing up. By the time they are teenagers they will need some freedom to use the kitchen; this is true for boys as well as for girls. While the basic foundation for eating habits is found in the family, many influences on eating behaviour originate outside the home. The influence of peers can be a useful source of support, as well as a source of stress for the adolescent. Peer influence and support can be helpful for overweight teenagers, although the same peers can also target such adolescents for teasing. Teenagers are very vulnerable to advertising messages. Television food commercials and eating habits portrayed in programme content have influenced people for more than a decade. The majority of advertisements are for products with a high concentration of sweetness and fat. Hence, adolescents have to be discerning while consuming such food products. The ease of obtaining food that is ready to eat also influences the eating habits of teenagers. Through home delivery/vending machines, at movies, melas and sporting events, at fast-food outlets and convenience groceries, food is available at numerous times throughout the day. Hence, adolescents may eat more often as well as more of not-so-healthy food stuffs. Watching this tendency is advisable.
5. Explain the two eating disorders that may arise at adolescence. What would be the best way to prevent their occurrence?
Ans: Two eating disorders may arise at adolescence are mentioned below:
(i) Anorexia nervosa: Anorexia nervosa, for example, is a disorder so tied to body image distortion that it is most commonly seen in adolescence, the period when a person is struggling with self-identity and most vulnerable to body image problems. Progress in adopting a normal adult body image will be interrupted for the teenager with an eating disorder.
(ii) Bulimia nervosa: Bulimia is another type of eating disorder. Bulimia often begins in late adolescence or early adulthood after a series of various unsuccessful weight reduction diets. Those with bulimia indulge in bingeing (overeating) and inducing purging by vomiting or using laxatives. Although more common in females, about five to ten per cent of all eating disorders occur in males too.
The best way to prevent the occurrence of [insert specific event or situation here] likely involves a multi-faceted approach. Proactive measures are crucial, such as regular maintenance and inspections, rigorous safety training, and implementation of robust early warning systems.
(i) Addressing underlying issues, such as inadequate infrastructure or lack of resources, is also essential. Promoting a culture of safety and open communication within the relevant community can encourage early identification of potential problems and facilitate timely intervention.
(ii) Finally, continuous improvement through data analysis and feedback mechanisms is key to refining prevention strategies and ensuring ongoing effectiveness.
