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NCERT Class 11 History Chapter 11 Paths of Modernisation
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Paths of Modernisation
Chapter: 11
SECTION – IV: TOWARDS MODERNISATION
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS ANSWERS
Answer in Brief:
Q. 1. What were the major developments before the Meiji restoration that made to possible for Japan to modernise rapidly?
Ans. Major Developments before Meiji Restoration:
(i) Peasants were forbid to carry arm, only ‘Samurai’ now could carry sword.
(ii) Disarmament of the Peasants helped in establish peace and prosperity.
(iii) Growth of Population led to the growth of the commercial economy.
(iv) Efforts were made to develop silk industries.
(v) Land surveys were made. Land productivity was fixed to ensure revenue stability.
Q. 2. Discuss how daily life was transformed as Japan developed?
Ans. As the Japanese became affluent, new ideas came into being. The old patriarchal system bugun to break. The concept of the nuclear family came into being. The system demanded a new style of domestic goods and new types of houses.
Q. 3. How did the Qing Dynasty try to meet the challenge posed by the Western power’s?
Ans. It demanded for reforms but its position weakened after the opium war. This is the failure of this dynasty which led to the emergence of civil war in China.
Q. 4. What were the Sun Yat-Sen’s Three Principles?
Ans. The three principles of Sun Yat Sen’s were:
(i) Nationalism.
(ii) Democracy.
(iii) Socialism.
ANSWERS IN A SHORT ESSAY:
Q. 5. Did Japan’s policy of rapid industrialisation lead to wars with its neighbours and destruction of the environment?
Ans. Yes, it is true because:
(i) It led to the rapid exploitation of natural resources.
(ii) Colonies were begun to considered sources of raw material. At last acquiring more colonies led to was among different nationals.
Q. 6. Do you think that Mao Zedong and the Communist Party in China were successful in liberating China and laying the basis for its current success?
Ans. Yes, Mao Zedong and the Communist part of China were Successful in liberating China and laying the basis for its current success.
(i) After the death of Sun Yat-Sen in 1925, the Guomindang was headed by Chiang-kai-shek. Before it the Communist part of China had been established in 1921. Through he strengthened the rule of the Guomindang, yet he took no step to achieve the three revolutionary objectives of Sun Yat-Sen. Contrary to it, he followed the policy to repress his opponents and Communits. He was also supported by the Soviet Union. Moreover he attempted to raise a new class of landlords, who exploited the peasantry. In the meantime, a communist leader Mai Zedong formed the Red Army to strengthen the peasant movement.
(ii) In 1930, Mao Zedong became the chairperson of the council of peasant and workers and began to work underground. He re-established the Red Army and started a guerrilla war against Chiang Kai-shek’s large army. He defeated Chirang’s army four times. But in the fifth attack he was so under pressure that he planned and implemented the Long March. Nealy one lac communists participated in this March. They covered 600 miles in 368 days and arrived in Shensi and Kansu, the northern provinces of the country. Only 20,000 communists reached there.
In 1935, Mao Zedong formed a communist front against Japan. He thought that his struggle against Japan would popularise him and also make his mass movement more effective. He also suggested that the Guomindang should work with the Red Army, and a United Front be formed. But Chiang did not accept his proposal. This harmed his prestige to the extent that his own soldiers imprisoned him. Mao continued his struggle against Japan until he succeeded.
3. Chiang Kai-shek was worried about the increasing power of Mao Zedong. He did not want to work with him. After a great difficulty he was ready to stand by Mao against Japan. When the war ended, Mao put a proposal of a coalition government before Chiang. But Chiang did not accept it. Mao continued with his struggle. In 1949, Chiang escaped to Farmosa (Taiwan) to seek asylum there. Mao Zedong was elected the Chairman of the Chinese government. He held this office till his death.
