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NCERT Class 11 Fine Art Chapter 7 Indian Bronze Sculpture
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Indian Bronze Sculpture
Chapter: 7
| EXERCISE |
1. Do you think that the technique of bronze casting has been a continuous process? How did it evolve over a period of time?
Ans: Yes, the technique of bronze casting has been a continuous process, evolving over centuries. Originating in ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia, China, and India, it spread across cultures, adapting to local needs and innovations. In India, bronze casting reached remarkable levels of sophistication, especially in South India with famous bronze idols. Although techniques have advanced with modern technology, traditional methods still persist, demonstrating the continuity of this art form. Among several architectural styles and traditions, the best-known include the many varieties of Hindu temple architecture and Indo-Islamic architecture, especially Rajput architecture, Mughal architecture, South Indian architecture, and Indo-Saracenic architecture. Over time, countless changes in the shape, size and function of various parts of the body gave rise to new forms of life—from ants to amoebas, hummingbirds to humans. These evolutionary changes have resulted from changes in DNA and the information it contains.
Over time, countless changes in the shape, size and function of various parts of the body gave rise to new forms of life—from ants to amoebas, hummingbirds to humans. These evolutionary changes have resulted from changes in DNA and the information it contains. Four main techniques exist in sculpting: carving, assembling, modeling, and casting.
2. In India sculpturing in stone and metal happened simultaneously. In your opinion what were the similarities and differences between both technically, stylistically and functionally?
Ans: Yes, in India, sculpting in stone and metal occurred simultaneously, with both materials being used for different purposes and artistic expressions. Sculptors gather and join different materials to create an assembled sculpture. Assembling is an additive process. An example of assemblage is Martin Puryear’s That Profile, above. Stone sculptures were often created for temples, monuments, and architectural adornments, such as the intricate carvings seen in ancient temples like those at Khajuraho and Ellora. Metal sculptures, particularly in bronze, were used to create idols for religious worship, with famous examples found in South India, such as the exquisite Chola dynasty bronze sculptures. Both mediums developed in parallel, reflecting India’s rich artistic diversity and religious significance in sculpture.
3. Why are Chola bronze sculptures considered as the most refined?
Ans: Chola bronze idols are built using ‘Lost-wax technique. ‘Hence the shape, contours, facial and hand expressions of these idols are unparalleled among any other Indian and foreign idols. Created during the Chola dynasty (9th-13th century), these sculptures often depict Hindu deities, particularly Lord Shiva, in dynamic poses such as the Nataraja, symbolizing cosmic dance. The lost-wax casting technique used allowed for delicate detailing, smooth surfaces, and life-like representations. These bronzes were not only revered for their aesthetic beauty but also served religious purposes in temple rituals. The Chola bronzes are considered as most beautiful art objects, but due to their sanctity and religious significance, rendered them sacred and arc worshipped in the temples of South India as processional deities.
4. Search for visuals of bronze sculptures of the Buddha belonging to periods other than the Chola Period from Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir, etc.
Ans: Bronze sculptures of the Buddha from regions like Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir, dating from the 7th to 11th centuries, exhibit distinctive artistic styles. These works often feature the Buddha in various mudras (hand gestures) and postures, reflecting the rich cultural heritage of these areas. Chola bronze idols are built using ‘Lost-wax technique. ‘Hence the shape, contours, facial and hand expressions of these idols are unparalleled among any other Indian and foreign idols. Chola bronze sculptures are renowned for their exceptional artistry, precision, and intricate craftsmanship. Created during the Chola dynasty (9th–13th century), these sculptures often depict Hindu deities, particularly Lord Shiva, in dynamic poses such as the Nataraja, symbolizing cosmic dance. The lost-wax casting technique used allowed for delicate detailing, smooth surfaces, and life-like representations. These bronzes were not only revered for their aesthetic beauty but also served religious purposes in temple rituals. Combines takes a rare and comprehensive look at the three-dimensional works that Robert Rauschenberg (b. 1925) terms combines. The exhibition, which will include approximately 65 objects created between 1954 and 1964, is the first to focus exclusively on this significant body of work. The balance between artistry and spiritual symbolism, along with their timeless appeal, makes Chola bronze sculptures a pinnacle of Indian craftsmanship. The art of making bronze images was developed under the patronage of Chola kings during the 9th-13th century. Bronze idols of Gods and goddesses like Siva-Parvati, Nataraj, Lakshmi, Vishnu, etc were made in this period.
