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NCERT Class 11 Fine Art Chapter 5 Later Mural Traditions
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Later Mural Traditions
Chapter: 5
| EXERCISE |
1. What are the main features of Badami cave paintings?
Ans: The main features of Badami cave paintings are:
(i) Religious Themes: The paintings predominantly depict scenes from Hindu mythology, including images of gods like Vishnu, Shiva, and various deities, as well as scenes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata. These themes often explore the relationship between humanity and the divine, moral dilemmas, and the quest for meaning in life, reflecting the values and beliefs of the time period.
(ii) Architectural Setting: An architectural setting refers to the overall design and arrangement of spaces within a building or structure, influencing both functionality and aesthetics. The paintings are integrated into the rock-cut architecture of the caves, enhancing the overall aesthetic and spiritual experience.
(iii) Symbolism: Symbolism is defined as a figure of speech in which a person, situation, word, or object is used to represent another thing. The use of symbolic elements, such as divine symbols and stylized natural motifs, reflects the spiritual and cultural beliefs of the time.
(iv) Vibrant Colors: The paintings are characterized by their use of vibrant colors, primarily red, yellow, white, and black, achieved using natural pigments. Whether it’s a cheerful kitchen or an upbeat powder room, vibrant colors are a great choice for giving any living space some extra sparkle.
(v) Figural Representation: Figural Representation in Islamic Art. AllahallahIt is commonly thought that there are no pictures of people, animals, or even of any inanimate things in the world in Islamic art. The figures in the paintings are often depicted in dynamic poses, with elaborate clothing, jewelry, and intricate facial expressions, showcasing the artistic skills of the period.
2. Write an essay on Vijayanagara paintings.
Ans: Vijayanagara paintings were created by Vijayanagara empire kings in 15th and 16th centuries. They carry forward the essence of Pallava and Chola traditions of paintings. These paintings are depicted on the walls of Brihadeeshwara temple, Virupaksha temple, Lepakshi temple. The Vijayanagara Empire (14th to 16th centuries), known for its grandeur and cultural richness, also left a lasting imprint on Indian art, particularly in the realm of painting. With Hampi as its capital, the empire was a flourishing center of art, architecture, and culture. The paintings of the Vijayanagara period reflect the synthesis of earlier traditions such as the Chola, Chalukya, and Pandya styles, with regional adaptations that gave rise to a distinct Vijayanagara style.
Artistic Features of Vijayanagara Paintings:
Vijayanagara paintings are known for their vivid and intricate depictions, created with great attention to detail and expressive forms. One of the most prominent features of these paintings is the use of vivid colors. The royal emblem of Viajayanagara is Varaha / wild boar. With the Sun and Moon above, the emblem depicted a boar facing a dancing sword. The artists favored bold hues like vermilion, ochre, and indigo, using them to create a dramatic contrast between the figures and the background. This contrast, coupled with the use of fluid lines and elongated forms, creates a sense of movement and dynamism in the scenes portrayed.
In the temples of Hampi, particularly the Virupaksha Temple and Vijayanagara paintings on its ceilings, there are notable illustrations of episodes from Hindu mythology, including scenes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata, as well as representations of kings and saints. The faces of the figures in these paintings are often shown in profile, with exaggerated facial features, such as large eyes and small waists, enhancing the expression of the figures. Vijayanagara painters evolved a pictorial language where the faces are shown in profile, figures and two-dimensional objects. Lines become still but fluid, compositions appear in rectilinear. In south India, the murals and paintings of Vijayanagara appear in the huge revival of Hindus culture. The Virupaksha Temple, Vittala Temple, and Lotus Mahal are some of the notable examples of Vijayanagar Art found in Hampi.
3. Describe the mural traditions of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
Ans: Kerala: Kerala mural traditions are mostly found between 16th and 18th centuries, depicted through pictorial language and adoption of Vijayanagara and Nayaka style of paintings. These murals depict the Kathakali and Kalam ezhuthu with luminous colors. Kerala murals were primarily painted on temple walls, cloisters, and palaces, depicting scenes from Hindu mythology, especially the Ramayana and Mahabharata. Artists adopted elements from the Nayaka and Vijayanagara schools, creating a distinct style characterized by three-dimensional human figures and rhythmic compositions. These murals were closely linked to Kerala’s rituals and performance arts like Kathakali. Notable examples include the murals at the Vadakkunnathan and Pundareekapuram Krishna temples. The murals palette consists of five colours or Panchavarna namely, yellow, red, green, black and white, prepared from mineral pigments and vegetables. These paintings belong to a distinguished lineage with its tradition carries influences from Ajanta.
Tamil Nadu: The mural tradition of Tamil Nadu flourished under the Pallava, Pandya, and Chola dynasties. Early murals from the Pallava period, seen in temples like Panamalai and Kanchipuram, featured graceful figures with elongated faces and rhythmic lines. These murals depict the Kathakali and Kalam ezhuthu with luminous colors. Murals are depicted on walls and inside walls of shrines, temples and palaces. They revolve around Hindu mythology, Vaishnava and Shiva; Ramayana and Mahabharata. The Pandya dynasty also contributed, with murals in Sittanavasal depicting celestial nymphs and dancers. The Chola period saw the peak of Tamil mural art, particularly in the Brihadeswara temple, where vivid depictions of Lord Shiva’s life were painted. Chola murals are known for their elegant, flowing lines and detailed, graceful figures, showcasing both divine themes and royal grandeur.
