Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production The answer to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse through different chapters Assam Board HS 2nd Year Biology Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Question Answer.
Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
Also, you can read the SCERT book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per SCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines. These solutions are part of SCERT All Subject Solutions. Here we have given Assam Board Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Solutions for All Subjects, You can practice these here.
III. Questions of (3 Marks) :
Q.1. Define Single Cell Protein (SCP). Name some common microbes as SCP producers.
Ans : Single cell protein is one of the alternate sources of proteins for animal and human nutrition.
Some common microbes as SCP produces are- spirulina, Methylophilus, Methylotrophus and Mushroom.
Q.2. How do totipotency help in plant propagation and improvement?
Ans : The capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell oblique explant is propagation of a large number of plants is very short duration. Another important application of this method is the recovery of two different varieties of plants each having a desirable character can be fused to get hybrid protoplasts, which can be further green to form a new plant.
Q.3. Distinguish between :
(a) Inbreeding and Outbreeding.
Ans :
| Inbreeding | Outbreeding |
| (i) Inbreeding is a process of mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations. | (i) Outbreeding is the breeding of unrelated animals which may be between individuals of the same breed but having no common ancestors for 4-6 generations. |
| (ii) From this pure breed of animals can be obtained. | (ii) The breed obtained from this is not pure. |
(b) Outcrossing and Crossbreeding.
Ans :
| Outerossing | Crossbreeding |
| (i) It is the practise of mating of animals within the same breed,but having no common ancestors on either side of their pedigue upto 4-6 generation. | (i) Here superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed. |
| (ii) Here only one breed is selected for mating. | (ii) Here two different breeds are taken for mating. |
Q.4. What is somatic hybrid?
Ans : Scientists have isolated single cells from plants and digested their cell walls and naked protoplasts surrounded by plasma membranes have been isolated. These isolated protoplasts from two different varieties of plants each having a desirable character can be fused to get hybrid protoplasts, which can be further grown to form a new plant. These hybrids are called somatic hybrids and the process is called somatic hybridization. For example protoplast of tomato is fused with that of potato to form a new hybrid known as pomato.
Q.5. What is meant by the term ‘breed’? What are the objective of animal breeding?
Ans : A group of animals related by descent and similar in most characters like general appearance, feature, size, configuration etc. are said to belong to a breed.
Animal breeding aims at increasing the yield of animals and improving the desirable qualities of the produce.
Q.6. What do you mean by apiculture? How is important to our live?
Ans : Apiculture is the maintenance of hives of honey bees for the production of honey.
Apiculture has helped us in crop improvement because bees are the pollinators of many of our crop species such as sunflower etc. Keeping beehives in crop fields during flowering period increases pollination efficiency and improves yield beneficial both from the point of view of crop yield and honey yield. Thus it is a good method for increasing productivity.
Q.7. Discuss shortly methods of animal breeding.
Ans : Breeding of animals is an important aspect of animal husbandry.
The breeding processes are of two types :
(i) Inbreeding.
(ii) Outbreeding.
(i) Inbreeding : When breeding is in between animals of the same breed it is called inbreeding. Here superior males and superior females of the same breed are identified and mated in pairs. The progeny obtained from such mating are evaluated and superior males and females among them are identified for further mating. Here mating is for 4-6 generation. The progeny obtained from this breeding process in pure.
(ii) Outbreeding : Outbreeding in the breeding of the unrelated animals, which may be between individuals of the same breed but having no common ancestors for 4-6 generations or between different breed or different species. The progeny yield as a result of this breeding process is not pure.
Q.8. What is haploid plant? Mention the purposes of production of haploid plants in modern cultivation.
Ans : Haploid plants are produced through another culture technique and their dipolarization have had to release of better variation in many crops. Some useful aspects of agriculture biotechnology are as under –
(a) Improvement of nutritional quality
(b) Better nitrogen fixation.
(c) Production of disease resistant plants.
Q.9. What are anti-nutritional factors? Give the name of two anti- nutritional factors found in our food products.
Ans : Anti-nutritional factor : The factors which are present in the food not help in nutrition but may be asking far different purpose, and badly affect the human or animal growth and development.
For example Neem plant produces. Azadirechin as insecticide, cinchona produces Quinine which is used as anti malarial drugs Neurotoxin is found is lathyrus sativus (Khesari).
Q.10. What are pisciculture and Aquaculture? Discuss the importance of both kinds of cultures.
Ans : Farming of pisces is called pisciculture and farming of economical and aquatic organism far human consumption is called aquaculture.
Importance of Pisciculture and aquaculture :
(a) Production of fish in adequate quantity.
(b) Culture of fishes of desired species.
(c) Supplies fish cheaper.
(d) It provides an employment and better usages of water bodies.
IV. Questions for 5 Marks:
Q.1. Discuss about the role of fishery in food production.
Ans : Fishery is an industry devoted to the catching, processing or selling of fish, shellfish or other aquatic animals. A large number of our population is dependent on fish, fish products and other aquatic animals such as lobestar, prown etc. Fisheries has an important place in India economy. It. provides income and employment to millions of fisherman and farmers. For many, it is the only source of their livelihood. In order to meet the increasing demand on fisheries, different techniques have been employed to increase production. It gives best production of aquatic plants and animals in both fresh water and marine. This has led to development and flourishing of the fishery industry and it has brought a lot of income to the farmers in particular and the country in general.
Q.2. What is green revolution? And how it has been achieved through plant breeding?
Ans : Green revolution was responsible for our country meet the national requirements in food production and to export it. Green revolution was dependent to a large extent on plant breeding techniques for development of high yielding and disease resistant varieties in wheat, rice, maize etc. Plant breeding is as a technology has helped increase yields to a very large extent and this may obviously had to green revolution because in this process purposeful manipulation of plant species in order to create desired plant types that are better suited for cultivation.
With advancement in genetics, molecular biology and tissue culture, plant breeding is now increasingly being carried out by using mɔlecular genetic tools.
Q.3. Describe the various steps involved in plant breeding.
Ans : The main steps involved in plant breeding are :
(i) Collection of Variability : Genetic variability is the root of any breeding programme. In many crops pre-existing genetic variability is available from wild relatives of the crop. The entire collection of plants having all the diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop is called germplasm collection.
(ii) Evaluation and Selection of Parents : The germplasm is evaluated to identify the desired plant and selected plants are multiplied and used in the process of hybridisation.
(iii) Cross Hybridisation among the Selected Parents : Desired characters from two different parents are selected and collected.
(iv) Selection and Testing of Superior Recombinants : It consists of selecting, among the progeny of the hybrids, those plants that have the desired character combination. This selection process in crucial to the success of the breeding objective and requires careful scientific evaluation of the progeny.
(v) Zesting, Release and Commercialisation of New Cultivators: The newly selected lines are evaluated for their yield and agronomic traits of quality, disease resistance etc.
Q.4. What is tissue culture? How it has helped us in crop improvement?
Ans : Tissue culture is a technique where whole plants could be regenerated from explants. Here any plant of a plant is taken out and grown in a test tube, under sterile conditions in special nutrient media. By application of these methods it is possible to achieve propagation of a large number of plants in very short duration. This method of producing a large number of plants is help food plants like tomato, banana, apple etc. commercially.
Moreover, this method can be used in the recovery of healthy plants from diseased plants.
Also by isolating protoplasts from two different varieties of plants having a desirable character in fused and can be grown to form a new plant known as somatic hybrids.
Thus it can be said that the tissue culture has helped us in crop improvement as well as its quality is also developed.
Q.5. What is animal husbandry? Discuss briefly about its role in human welfare.
Ans : Animal husbandry is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock.
Animal husbandry deals with the care and breeding of livestock like buffaloes, cows, pigs, horses, cattle, sheep, camels, goats etc. that are useful to humans. It also includes poultry, farming and fisheries. Since time immemorial animals like bees, silk worms, prawns, crabs, fishes, birds, cattle, sheep and camels have been used by humans for products like milk, eggs, meat, wool, silk, honey etc.
It is estimated that more than 70 percent of the livestock population is in India and China. However it is surprising to note that the contribution to the world farm produce is only 25 percent. In addition to conventional practices of animal breeding and care, newer technologies also ha applied to achieve improvement in quality and productivity and also play a major role in human welfare as it provides people food as well as way to been earn money.
Q.6. What is biofortification? Discuss the importance of biofortification? Does this process require modern biotechnological techniques?
Ans : Dict lacking essential micronutrients like iron (Fe), vitamin, iodine (I) and Zink (Zn) enhances the risk of DISEASE, reduces life span and even effect the mental abilities. Biofortification is breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins and minerals or higher proteins and healthier fats.
Importbreed once of Biofortification:
(a) Protein contents and quantity.
(b) Oil contents and quantity.
(c) Vitamin content.
(d) Micronutrient and mineral contents.
Yes, it requires biotechnological techniques for plant breeding only.
Q.7. What is plant breeding? Discuss its role and describe the various steps involved in breeding a new genetic plant variety.
Ans : Plant breeding is an applied branch of Botany which deals with the improvement of economically important plants.
The following steps are followed in breeding a new genetic plant variety.
(i) Collection of Variability : Genetic variability is the root of any breeding programme. In many crops pre-existing genetic variability is available from wild relatives of the crop. The entire collection of plants having all the diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop is called germplasm collection.
(ii) Evaluation and selection of parents : The germplasm is evaluated to identify the desired plant and selected plants are multiplied and used in the process of hybridisation.
(iii) Cross hybridisation among the selected parents: Desired characters from two different parents are selected and collected.
(iv) Selection and testing of superior recombinants : It consists of selecting, among the progeny of the hybrids, those plants that have the desired character combination. This selection process in crucial to the success of the breeding objective and requires careful scientific evaluation of the progeny.
(v) Zesting, release and commercialisation of new cultivars: The newly selected lines are evaluated for their yield and agronomic traits of quality, disease resistance etc.
The main role of plant breedings are :
(a) Disease, Insect, pest resistance.
(b) New variety for particular environment.
(c) For high yield.
(d) For Better quality.
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