Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Solutions to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse through different chapters Assam Board HS 2nd Year Biology Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Question Answer.
Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
Also, you can read the AHSEC book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per AHSEC (CBSE) Book guidelines. These solutions are part of AHSEC All Subject Solutions. Here we have given Assam Board Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Solutions for All Subjects, You can practice these here.
Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
Chapter – 9
BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE
Very Short Answer Type Questions
Q.1. What is the importance of male sterility in plant breeding?
Ans : This help in reducing the inbreeding depression which in due to the interbreeding process and increases fertility and productivity in plants.
Q.2. What do you mean by emasculation?
Ans : If the female parent bears bisexual flowers, removal of anthers from the flower bud before the another devises using a pair of forceps is known as emasculation.
Q.3. Define somaclonal variation.
Ans : Somaclonal variation is a method used in the process of plant breeding.
Q.4. Name the animals from which mule is produced.
Ans : Mule is produced from the hybridization between male horse and female ass.
Q.5. What do you understand by gene plantation?
Ans : The transfer of gene of one or more desired character from one organism to another with the help of biotechnological techniques is known as gene plantation.
Q.6. What are germplasm and gene pool.
Ans : The total genetic information of an organism which is present in the protoplasm is known as germplasm.
The total genetic information present in a group of interbreeding organism is known as gene pool.
Q.7. What is totipotency?
Ans : The capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell of an organism is called totipotency.
Q.8. What strategy is used to increase homozygosity in cattle for desired traits?
Ans : Interbreeding.
Q.9. What is cloning?
Ans : The process in which an organism can be produced by taking a cell from another individual and the newly formed or developed organism is exactly similar with the parent individual.
Q.10. What are the three main approaches of animal breeding?
Ans : The main 3 approaches of animal breeding are :
(i) To increase the productivity.
(ii) To improve quality.
(iii) To produce desired quality and disease resistant.
Q.11. Define hybridization.
Ans : Hybridization can be defined as the process where the best male and female individuals of the same or related species are.mated.
Q.12. What is inbreeding?
Ans : In breeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations.
Q.13. What is meant by biofortification?
Ans : Biofortification is the process of breeding crops with higher levels of minerals or higher protein and healthier fats which is the most practical mean to improve public health.
Q.14. What is ‘hidden hunger’?
Ans : The situation that occurs due to the scarcity of protein and vitamins in the body is known as hidden hunger.
Q15. What is aquaculture? Give example of an animal that can be multiplied by aquaculture.
Ans : The process by which edible aquatic organism are cultured scientifically in both fresh water and marine water. For example culture of fish is done in fresh water and culture of yeast is done in marine water etc.
Q.16. What is green revolution?
Ans : In the first two decades after independence, efforts of achieving food self sufficiency were not totally successful. The rewarding results appeared in the form of green revolution. It occurred between 1960 to 1978.
Q.17. Name a green algae used in production of single cell protein.
Ans : Spirulina maxima (Blue green algae)
Q.18. Why bagging of the emasculated flowers is essential during hybridization experiments?
Ans : Because it prevents the process of self pollination.
Q.19. What do you understand by transgenic plants?
Ans : As a result of crossing of two plants differing from each other genotypically in one or more trait, a new plant is obtained which is called transgenic plants.
(B). Fill up the Blanks:
Q.1. Haploid culture technique was developed by____
Ans : Scientists.
Q.2. Shoot regeneration is promoted by ___ where as root regeneration is promoted by auxin.
Ans : Gibberellin.
Q.3. An _____ is excised from its original location and used for initiating a culture.
Ans : Plant explant.
Q.4. A somatic embryo develops from a ____ cell.
Ans : Somatic.
Q.5. All hybrids of poultry are produced by _____ inbreed stocks.
Ans : Superior.
Q.6. A superior female, in case of cattle, is the cow that produces ____ milk per lactation.
Ans : More.
Q.7. Quality of a crop or an animal depends mainly on its ____ and the environment in which it is grown.
Ans : Breed.
Q.8. “Gill rot’ disease in fishes is caused by ____
Ans : Bacteria.
Q.9. ____ is disease in mulberry silk worm caused by Nosema bombycis.
Ans : Pebrine.
Q.10. MOET (multiple ovulation embryo transfer) is a method of hybridization of ____
Ans : Animal.
Q.11. The most extreme form of ____ is self pollination.
Ans : Sexual reproduction.
Q.12. An autotriploid has _____ Copies of a single genome.
Ans : Three.
Q.13. Phenotype is the ____ features where as genotype is the _____ of an organism.
Ans : External(Expressive), Genetic.
(C). Select True and False: (1 Mark)
Q.1. Micropropagation is the production of small plants.
Ans : False.
Q.2. The source of single cell protein is microbes.
Ans : True.
Q.3. An explant is a dead plant.
Ans : False.
Q.4. Honey the products of apiculture is used in cosmetics.
Ans : True.
Q.5. Catla, Rohu. and Common carp are the fresh water fishes.
Ans : True.
Q.6. Selection is the oldest breeding method employed in living bodies.
Ans : False.
Q.7. Gene flow is the loss of genes from a genepool.
Ans : True.
Q.8. New castle disease is a viral disease of poultry.
Ans : True.
Q.9. Milk contains lactose sugar.
Ans : True.
Q.10. Inbreeding is carried out in animal husbandry because it increases vigour.
Ans : True.
Q.11. Embryo culture is used for recovery of interspecific hybrids.
Ans : False.
Q.12. Single cell protein refers to a specific protein extracted from a single cell.
Ans : True.
Q.13. Protoplast is the another name of protoplasm.
Ans : False.
Q.14. Important characters of Bt. Cotton are high yield and resistance to Boll worms.
Ans : True.
II. Short Questions for (2 marks) :
Q.1. Give any two major aspects of biological science which play an important role in enhancing food production.
Ans : The two major aspects of biological science are :
(a) Dairy form management.
(b) Bee keeping.
Q.2. Why conservation of germplasm is important for plant breeders to develop new varieties?
Ans : Plant breeders give importance to conserve germplasm to develop new varieties because collection and preservation of all the different wild varieties, species and relatives of cultivated species is a prerequisite for effective exploitation of natural genes available in the population.
Q.3. What is selection? Name the two methods of selection.
Ars : The process of selecting two organisms of desired characters among the progeny is known as selection.
The two methods of selection are :
(a) Natural selection.
(b) Artificial selection.
Q.4. What is interspecific hybridization? Explain briefly by taking an example of animal.
Ans : In this method, male and female animals of two different related species are mated. Here the progeny may combine desirable features of both the parents, and may be of considerable economic value.
In this method the semen is collected from the male that is chosen as a percent and injected into the reproductive tract of the selected female by the breeder. For example : As a result of reproduction between horse and ass mule is produced.
Q.5. What is the difference between pisciculture and aquaculture? What are the benefits of both kinds of cultures?
Ans : Pisciculture : Fishery is an industry devoted to the catching, processing or selling of fish. For example : Rohu, Hilsa etc.
Aquaculture : Here shellfish or other aquatic animals are cultured. For example : lobestar. prawn, crab etc.
Fisheries has an important place in Indian economy. It provides income and employment to millions of fishermen and farmers, particularly in the coastal states. Moreover the introduction of different techniques in these culture has led to the development and flourishing of fishery industry and it has brought a lot of income of the farmers in particular and the country in general.
Q.6. Differentiate between callus culture and suspension culture.
Ans : In callus culture technique an explant from a plant is allowed to grow by applying auxin hormone and this grown portion is known as callus. From a portion of this callus many new plants can be grown and this callus can be kept for so many days. The damaged part of a tree also can be recultured by this technique.On the other hand suspension culture includes separation of a cell from the callus produced in the callus culture process. The separated cell in then kept in liquid medium and technically and with the help of enzymes used to produce embryo.
Q.7. What is inbreeding depression? Why do the self pollinated crops not show the ill effects in inbreeding depression?
Ans : Continued inbreeding, especially close inbreeding, usually reduces fertility and even producțivity. This is known as inbreeding depression.
Self pollinated crops not show the ill effects in inbreeding depression because in self pollination harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection. It also helps in accumulation of superior genes and elimination of desirable genes. So in this approach there is selection at each step, increases. The productivity of inbreed population.
Q.8. What is breed? According to you which one is the best method employed in animal breeding?
Ans : A group of animals related by descent and similar in most characters like general appearance, size, feature, morphology, etc. are said to belong to a breed. I think inbreeding is the best method for animal breeding.
Q.9. State the way to improve the success rate of fertilization during artificial reproduction in animal husbandry programmes.
Ans : To improve the success rate of fertilization during artificial reproduction in animal husbandry programme – Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology (MOET) is employed. Here Hormones like ESH is administered to induce follicular maturation and super ovulation instead of one egg. By this technique herd size can be increased within a short period of time.
Q.10. “Give me a living cell of any plant and I will give you a thousand plants of the same type.’ Is it scientifically possible? Write your comment and justify the statement.
Ans : Yes, by the process of tissue culture from a living cell of a plant many new plants of the same type can be developed. It is significantly possible.
Q.11. What do you mean by gene plantation? Explain very briefly.
Ans : When a gene is planted on a new gene producing organisms having transgenic in nature is called gene plantation.
Q.12. Define with examples
(a) somatic hybrid.
(b) somatic embryo.
Ans : (a) Sematic hybridization or parasexual hybridization has the advantage that it can produce plants with combination of characters eg. pomato (potato and tomato), an hybrid between potato and tomato.
(b) Sematic embryo is the process of embryo formation from sematic cells. It is also called as sematic embryogenesis. The embryos thus developed are called embryoids.
| Sl. No. | CONTENTS |
| Chapter 1 | Reproduction in Organisms |
| Chapter 2 | Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants |
| Chapter 3 | Human Reproduction |
| Chapter 4 | Reproductive Health |
| Chapter 5 | Principles of Inheritance and Variation |
| Chapter 6 | Molecular Basis of Inheritance |
| Chapter 7 | Evolution |
| Chapter 8 | Human Health and Disease |
| Chapter 9 | Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production |
| Chapter 10 | Microbes in Human Welfare |
| Chapter 11 | Biotechnology: Principles And Processes |
| Chapter 12 | Biotechnology and its Applications |
| Chapter 13 | Organisms and Populations |
| Chapter 14 | Ecosystem |
| Chapter 15 | Biodiversity and Conservation |
| Chapter 16 | Bioresources of Assam |
| Chapter 17 | Environmental Issues |
Q.13. What is polyploidy? Give the name of a chemical used for induction of polyploidy in plants?
Ans : The plant with more than 3 set of chromosomes are called poly plaidy. It can be obtained treated with colchicine.
Q.14. What is quarantine? Give one example of it?
Ans : Quarantine is a method to regulate or check the diseases or germs to spread from one place to another.
Due to failure of quarantile some diseas like AIDS all spreading.
III. Questions of (3 Marks) :
Q.1. Define Single Cell Protein (SCP). Name some common microbes as SCP producers.
Ans : Single cell protein is one of the alternate sources of proteins for animal and human nutrition.
Some common microbes as SCP produces are- spirulina, Methylophilus, Methylotrophus and Mushroom.
Q.2. How do totipotency help in plant propagation and improvement?
Ans : The capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell oblique explant is propagation of a large number of plants is very short duration. Another important application of this method is the recovery of two different varieties of plants each having a desirable character can be fused to get hybrid protoplasts, which can be further green to form a new plant.
Q.3. Distinguish between :
(a) Inbreeding and Outbreeding.
Ans :
| Inbreeding | Outbreeding |
| (i) Inbreeding is a process of mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations. | (i) Outbreeding is the breeding of unrelated animals which may be between individuals of the same breed but having no common ancestors for 4-6 generations. |
| (ii) From this pure breed of animals can be obtained. | (ii) The breed obtained from this is not pure. |
(b) Outcrossing and Crossbreeding.
Ans :
| Outerossing | Crossbreeding |
| (i) It is the practise of mating of animals within the same breed,but having no common ancestors on either side of their pedigue upto 4-6 generation. | (i) Here superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed. |
| (ii) Here only one breed is selected for mating. | (ii) Here two different breeds are taken for mating. |
Q.4. What is somatic hybrid?
Ans : Scientists have isolated single cells from plants and digested their cell walls and naked protoplasts surrounded by plasma membranes have been isolated. These isolated protoplasts from two different varieties of plants each having a desirable character can be fused to get hybrid protoplasts, which can be further grown to form a new plant. These hybrids are called somatic hybrids and the process is called somatic hybridization. For example protoplast of tomato is fused with that of potato to form a new hybrid known as pomato.
Q.5. What is meant by the term ‘breed’? What are the objective of animal breeding?
Ans : A group of animals related by descent and similar in most characters like general appearance, feature, size, configuration etc. are said to belong to a breed.
Animal breeding aims at increasing the yield of animals and improving the desirable qualities of the produce.
Q.6. What do you mean by apiculture? How is important to our live?
Ans : Apiculture is the maintenance of hives of honey bees for the production of honey.
Apiculture has helped us in crop improvement because bees are the pollinators of many of our crop species such as sunflower etc. Keeping beehives in crop fields during flowering period increases pollination efficiency and improves yield beneficial both from the point of view of crop yield and honey yield. Thus it is a good method for increasing productivity.
Q.7. Discuss shortly methods of animal breeding.
Ans : Breeding of animals is an important aspect of animal husbandry.
The breeding processes are of two types :
(i) Inbreeding.
(ii) Outbreeding.
(i) Inbreeding : When breeding is in between animals of the same breed it is called inbreeding. Here superior males and superior females of the same breed are identified and mated in pairs. The progeny obtained from such mating are evaluated and superior males and females among them are identified for further mating. Here mating is for 4-6 generation. The progeny obtained from this breeding process in pure.
(ii) Outbreeding : Outbreeding in the breeding of the unrelated animals, which may be between individuals of the same breed but having no common ancestors for 4-6 generations or between different breed or different species. The progeny yield as a result of this breeding process is not pure.
Q.8. What is haploid plant? Mention the purposes of production of haploid plants in modern cultivation.
Ans : Haploid plants are produced through another culture technique and their dipolarization have had to release of better variation in many crops. Some useful aspects of agriculture biotechnology are as under –
(a) Improvement of nutritional quality
(b) Better nitrogen fixation.
(c) Production of disease resistant plants.
Q.9. What are anti-nutritional factors? Give the name of two anti- nutritional factors found in our food products.
Ans : Anti-nutritional factor : The factors which are present in the food not help in nutrition but may be asking far different purpose, and badly affect the human or animal growth and development.
For example Neem plant produces. Azadirechin as insecticide, cinchona produces Quinine which is used as anti malarial drugs Neurotoxin is found is lathyrus sativus (Khesari).
Q.10. What are pisciculture and Aquaculture? Discuss the importance of both kinds of cultures.
Ans : Farming of pisces is called pisciculture and farming of economical and aquatic organism far human consumption is called aquaculture.
Importance of Pisciculture and aquaculture :
(a) Production of fish in adequate quantity.
(b) Culture of fishes of desired species.
(c) Supplies fish cheaper.
(d) It provides an employment and better usages of water bodies.
IV. Questions for 5 Marks:
Q.1. Discuss about the role of fishery in food production.
Ans : Fishery is an industry devoted to the catching, processing or selling of fish, shellfish or other aquatic animals. A large number of our population is dependent on fish, fish products and other aquatic animals such as lobestar, prown etc. Fisheries has an important place in India economy. It. provides income and employment to millions of fisherman and farmers. For many, it is the only source of their livelihood. In order to meet the increasing demand on fisheries, different techniques have been employed to increase production. It gives best production of aquatic plants and animals in both fresh water and marine. This has led to development and flourishing of the fishery industry and it has brought a lot of income to the farmers in particular and the country in general.
Q.2. What is green revolution? And how it has been achieved through plant breeding?
Ans : Green revolution was responsible for our country meet the national requirements in food production and to export it. Green revolution was dependent to a large extent on plant breeding techniques for development of high yielding and disease resistant varieties in wheat, rice, maize etc. Plant breeding is as a technology has helped increase yields to a very large extent and this may obviously had to green revolution because in this process purposeful manipulation of plant species in order to create desired plant types that are better suited for cultivation.
With advancement in genetics, molecular biology and tissue culture, plant breeding is now increasingly being carried out by using mɔlecular genetic tools.
Q.3. Describe the various steps involved in plant breeding.
Ans : The main steps involved in plant breeding are :
(i) Collection of Variability : Genetic variability is the root of any breeding programme. In many crops pre-existing genetic variability is available from wild relatives of the crop. The entire collection of plants having all the diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop is called germplasm collection.
(ii) Evaluation and Selection of Parents : The germplasm is evaluated to identify the desired plant and selected plants are multiplied and used in the process of hybridisation.
(iii) Cross Hybridisation among the Selected Parents : Desired characters from two different parents are selected and collected.
(iv) Selection and Testing of Superior Recombinants : It consists of selecting, among the progeny of the hybrids, those plants that have the desired character combination. This selection process in crucial to the success of the breeding objective and requires careful scientific evaluation of the progeny.
(v) Zesting, Release and Commercialisation of New Cultivators: The newly selected lines are evaluated for their yield and agronomic traits of quality, disease resistance etc.
Q.4. What is tissue culture? How it has helped us in crop improvement?
Ans : Tissue culture is a technique where whole plants could be regenerated from explants. Here any plant of a plant is taken out and grown in a test tube, under sterile conditions in special nutrient media. By application of these methods it is possible to achieve propagation of a large number of plants in very short duration. This method of producing a large number of plants is help food plants like tomato, banana, apple etc. commercially.
Moreover, this method can be used in the recovery of healthy plants from diseased plants.
Also by isolating protoplasts from two different varieties of plants having a desirable character in fused and can be grown to form a new plant known as somatic hybrids.
Thus it can be said that the tissue culture has helped us in crop improvement as well as its quality is also developed.
Q.5. What is animal husbandry? Discuss briefly about its role in human welfare.
Ans : Animal husbandry is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock.
Animal husbandry deals with the care and breeding of livestock like buffaloes, cows, pigs, horses, cattle, sheep, camels, goats etc. that are useful to humans. It also includes poultry, farming and fisheries. Since time immemorial animals like bees, silk worms, prawns, crabs, fishes, birds, cattle, sheep and camels have been used by humans for products like milk, eggs, meat, wool, silk, honey etc.
It is estimated that more than 70 percent of the livestock population is in India and China. However it is surprising to note that the contribution to the world farm produce is only 25 percent. In addition to conventional practices of animal breeding and care, newer technologies also ha applied to achieve improvement in quality and productivity and also play a major role in human welfare as it provides people food as well as way to been earn money.
Q.6. What is biofortification? Discuss the importance of biofortification? Does this process require modern biotechnological techniques?
Ans : Dict lacking essential micronutrients like iron (Fe), vitamin, iodine (I) and Zink (Zn) enhances the risk of DISEASE, reduces life span and even effect the mental abilities. Biofortification is breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins and minerals or higher proteins and healthier fats.
Importbreed once of Biofortification:
(a) Protein contents and quantity.
(b) Oil contents and quantity.
(c) Vitamin content.
(d) Micronutrient and mineral contents.
Yes, it requires biotechnological techniques for plant breeding only.
Q.7. What is plant breeding? Discuss its role and describe the various steps involved in breeding a new genetic plant variety.
Ans : Plant breeding is an applied branch of Botany which deals with the improvement of economically important plants.
The following steps are followed in breeding a new genetic plant variety.
(i) Collection of Variability : Genetic variability is the root of any breeding programme. In many crops pre-existing genetic variability is available from wild relatives of the crop. The entire collection of plants having all the diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop is called germplasm collection.
(ii) Evaluation and selection of parents : The germplasm is evaluated to identify the desired plant and selected plants are multiplied and used in the process of hybridisation.
(iii) Cross hybridisation among the selected parents: Desired characters from two different parents are selected and collected.
(iv) Selection and testing of superior recombinants : It consists of selecting, among the progeny of the hybrids, those plants that have the desired character combination. This selection process in crucial to the success of the breeding objective and requires careful scientific evaluation of the progeny.
(v) Zesting, release and commercialisation of new cultivars: The newly selected lines are evaluated for their yield and agronomic traits of quality, disease resistance etc.
The main role of plant breedings are :
(a) Disease, Insect, pest resistance.
(b) New variety for particular environment.
(c) For high yield.
(d) For Better quality.
Hi, I’m Dev Kirtonia, Founder & CEO of Dev Library. A website that provides all SCERT, NCERT 3 to 12, and BA, B.com, B.Sc, and Computer Science with Post Graduate Notes & Suggestions, Novel, eBooks, Biography, Quotes, Study Materials, and more.
Buy Now
