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Class 10 History Elective Chapter 7 The Non-Aligned Movement
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The Non-Aligned Movement
Chapter: 7
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q 1. In which year did the Bolshevik Revolution break out?
Ans: The Bolshevik Revolution broke out in the year 1917.
Q 2. In which year was the Bandung conference held?
And: The Bandung conference was held in 1955.
Q 3. In which year did the north Atlantic Treaty Organization originated?
Ans: The north Atlantic Treaty Organization originated on 4 April 1949.
Q 4. In which year did the Warsaw pact originated.
Ans: The Warsaw pact originated on 4 may 1955.
Q 5. In which year did the Soviet Russia develop and test the nuclear bomb?
Ans: The sovita Russia develop and tested the nuclear bomb in 1949.
Q 6. In which year did Communists regime came into being in china?
Ans: The Communists regime came into being in china in 1949.
Q 7. In which year did Communists regime come into being in cuba?
Ans: The Communists regime came into being in Cuba in 1959.
Q 8. In which year did the United States of America develop the hydrogen bomb?
Ans: The United States of America development the hydrogen bomb in 1952.
Q 9. How many states of Asia and Africa meet at the Bandung conference.
Ans: 23 Asian countries and 6 African National met at the Bandung conference.
Q 10. What was the name of the Indian prime Ministers of present in the Bandung conference?
Ans: The Indian prime Ministers present in the Bandung conference was Pt Jawaharlal Nehru.
Q 11. In which year was held a summit meeting of the Non-Aligned movement in movement in India?
Ans: The summit meeting of the Non-Aligned movement was held in India in 1983.
Q 12. In which place of India was held the summit meeting of the Non-Aligned movement.
Ans: In India, the summit meeting of the Non-Aligned movement was held in New Delhi.
Q 13. In which year was held the first meeting of the Non-Aligned movement.
Ans: The first meeting of the Non-Aligned was held in 1961.
Q 14. In which year country was held held the first summit meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement?
Ans: The summit meeting of the non-movement was held in Belgrade, the capital of erstwhile Yugoslavia.
Write short Notes On
Q 1. Beginning of the cold war.
Ans: The Cold War began after the surrender of Nazi Germany in 1945, when the uneasy alliance between the United States and Great Britain on the one hand and the Soviet Union on the other started to fall apart. The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II and lasted to 1991, the fall of the Soviet Union.
The real beginning of the cold war Seems to be the October revolution which took place in Russia in 1917. Immediately after the Revolution in Russia , foreign military intervention under the leadership of the great Britain took place against the newly established Socialist State of Russia since then the ideological clash and political of World politics.
The conflict was based on the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their roles as the Allies of World War II that led to victory against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in 1945. Aside from the nuclear arms race and conventional military deployment, the struggle for dominance was expressed indirectly, such as psychological warfare, propaganda campaigns, espionage, far-reaching embargoes, sports diplomacy, and technological competitions like the Space Race.
Q 2. Super powers.
Ans: The term ‘super powers’ Refers to America and the Soviet Union Although many countries such as England, Germany, France, China, etc. had achieved considerable success in their economic, political, social, military and technological sectors, yet none of these countries could reach the level of the development and advancement as those of America and soviet union.
A superpower is a state that cannot be ignored on the world stage and without whose cooperation no world problem can be solved. During the Cold War, for instance, the United States could not intervene in world affairs without taking into account the position of the U.S.S.R., and vice versa. The fact that both of these states had superpower status, however, did not make them equal. Indeed the United States was more powerful than the U.S.S.R., according to most criteria (military, economic, etc.). If the U.S.S.R. could be considered a superpower despite its rival’s edge, it is because, in the words of John Mearsheimer, it could “put up a real fight” and pose a significant challenge to U.S. global dominance.
Q 3. Harry S. Truman.
Ans: Truman was born in Lamar, Missouri, in 1884. He grew up in Independence, and for 12 years prospered as a Missouri farmer. He went to France during World War I as a captain in the Field Artillery. Returning, he married Elizabeth Virginia Wallace, and opened a haberdashery in Kansas City. Truman was elected vice president in the 1944 presidential election and assumed the presidency upon Roosevelt’s death in April 1945. It was only when Truman assumed the presidency that he was informed about the ongoing Manhattan Project and the atomic bomb.
Truman authorized the first and only use of nuclear weapons in war against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading to Japan’s surrender and the end of the world war. Truman’s administration engaged in an internationalist foreign policy by working closely with Britain. Truman staunchly denounced isolationism. He energized the New Deal coalition during the 1948 presidential election, despite a divided Democratic Party, and won a surprise victory against Republican Party nominee Thomas E. Dewey that secured his own presidential term.
Q 4. North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.
Ans: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created in 1949 by the United States, Canada, and several Western European nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union. NATO was the first peacetime military alliance the United States entered into outside of the Western Hemisphere. NATO’s main headquarters are located in Brussels, Belgium, while NATO’s military headquarters are near Mons, Belgium.
The purpose of the pact was to provide mutual military help and cooperation among the capitalist countries and collective protection of the region from military attack of the Communist bloc led by the Soviet Union. The creation of this pact led to the heightening of the cold war situation in the world.
Q 5. Warsaw pact.
Ans: The Warsaw Treaty Organization (also known as the Warsaw Pact) was a political and military alliance established on May 14, 1955 between the Soviet Union and several Eastern European countries. The Soviet Union formed this alliance as a counterbalance to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a collective security alliance concluded between the United States, Canada and Western European nations in 1949.
The members of this Pact were the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Çzechoslovakia, Hungary, poland, Romania and Yugoslavia. The main purpose of this Pact was to offer collective military protection of the member from the military attack of capitalist countries. The creation of NATO and Warsaw pact further added fir to the existing cold war between the two power blocs.
Essay Type Questions:
Q 1. Narrated briefly the historical background for the emergence of the Non-Aligned movement.
Ans: The Non-Aligned Movement emerged in the context of the wave of decolonization that followed World War II. At the 1955 Bandung Conference (the Asian-African Conference), the attendees, many of whose countries had recently gained their independence, called for “abstention from the use of arrangements of collective defense to serve the particular interests of any of the big powers.” In the context of the Cold War, they argued, countries of the developing world should abstain from allying with either of the two superpowers (the United States and the U.S.S.R.) and should instead join together in support of national self-determination against all forms of colonialism and imperialism.
The Non-Aligned Movement gained the most traction in the 1950s and early 1960s, when the international policy of non-alignment achieved major successes in decolonization, disarmament, opposition to racism and opposition to apartheid in South Africa, and persisted throughout the entire Cold War, despite several conflicts between members, and despite some members developing closer ties with either the Soviet Union, China, or the United States.[13] In the years since the Cold War’s end in 1991, the movement has focused on developing multilateral ties and connections as well as unity among the developing nations of the world, especially those in the Global South.
Q 2. On what historical background did the Non-Aligned movement emerge?
Ans: The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) emerged against the backdrop of the Cold War, which dominated global politics in the post-World War II era. It originated during the 1950s and 1960s as newly independent countries sought to assert their autonomy and avoid alignment with either of the two superpower blocs led by the United States and the Soviet Union.
Here’s a breakdown of the key historical factors:
(i) Post-Colonial Surge: Post-colonial is the critical academic study of the cultural, political and economic legacy of colonialism and imperialism, focusing on the impact of human control and exploitation of colonized people and their lands. The field started to emerge in the 1960s, as scholars from previously colonized countries began publishing on the lingering effects of colonialism, developing a critical theory analysis of the history, culture, literature, and discourse of (usually European) imperial power.
(ii) The Bandung Conference (1955): The Bandung Conference in 1955, held in Indonesia, brought together leaders from 29 Asian and African countries. It laid the groundwork for the Non-Aligned Movement by promoting principles of sovereignty, territorial integrity, and non-interference in the internal affairs of other nations.
(iii) Cold War Bi-Polarity: This work focused on the Cold War and Bipolarisation of International System. The Cold War, a reference to the ideological warfare between the West and East blocs. The era, had its origin from the East/West relations which before 1945 appeared to be cordial, but the cordiality was however superficial, the true situation of their relations was like an atomic bomb waiting to otherwords, the relations were far from cordial, it was a situation of mutual distrust, a form of mutual ambition aimed at colonising the world with either capitalist or socialist ideology which was made manifest in the years ao the Secon World War, where their intensions were always in disharmony with characteristics of deceit, lies, manipulation and eventually metamorphosed into the concept of Cold War aft6er World War II.
Q 3. What is called the ‘cold war’? When did it come to an end?
Ans: The Cold War was a period of economic, political and military tension between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991. Following the end of the Second World War, complications arose centering on the shifting of international power.
The expansion of ‘cold war’ was first introduced by the Walter Lippman. Walter introduce this expression in the context of explaining the day-to-day happening in world politics of the post-second World war period. He developed this expression while discussing the nature of the bilateral relations between the United States of America and soviet Russia after the Second World war.
End of the cold war: The cold war began with the Russian Revolution of 1917 and continue upto 1991. The beginning of liberation movement in soviet union, introduce by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1990s saw the end of the cold war. The late Cold War is characterized by a thaw in relations between the US and Soviet Union in the late 1980s, and mostly associated with the figure of Mikhail Gorbachev and his perestroika reforms in the Soviet Union. In the 1980’s, Gorbachev and Reagan conducted a number of summits that led to the reduction of the two superpowers’ nuclear arsenals. In 1989, Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan, and the revolutionary wave in East Europe replaced communist-backed governments and Soviet allies. At the Malta summit in December 1989, Gorbachev and US President George H.W. Bush declared the end of the Cold War. The next year, the Soviet Union consented to the reunification of Germany. In 1991, the Soviet Union broke up into 15 independent states.
Q 4. Discuss the aims and objectives of the Non-Aligned movement.
Ans: The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) emerged during the Cold War with a central aim to carve out an independent path for newly independent nations.
The aims and objectives of the non-aligned movement:
(i) Safeguarding Independence: NAM seeks to protect the independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity of its member states. This includes opposing imperialism, colonialism, and all forms of foreign intervention or domination in the affairs of sovereign nations.
(ii) Anti-Colonialism and Imperialism: Anti-imperialism and anti-colonialism denote opposition to empire. Whereas the latter has been mostly understood as opposition to formal colonial rule in a narrow sense, the former has come to be defined ever more expansively. Particularly in the twentieth century, anti-imperialists resisted formal and informal means of control by stronger over weaker nations.
(iii) Peaceful Coexistence: NAM aims to uphold international peace by advocating for peaceful conflict resolution, disarmament, and the prevention of wars and conflicts. Member states reject the use of force or coercion in international relations and support the principles of the United Nations Charter.
(iv) Economic Development: NAM promotes economic development and the welfare of all peoples particularly in developing countries. Member states emphasize the importance of economic cooperation, equitable trade relations, and sustainable development to address poverty, inequality, and underdevelopment.
(v) Global Cooperation: International cooperation encompasses all professional activities aimed at supporting people in need and promoting economic, social and cultural development around the globe. International cooperation covers the fields of humanitarian aid, development cooperation and peace promotion.
(vi) Human Rights and Environment: NAM supports the human rights and nations to self-determination, especially in regions still affected by colonialism or foreign occupation. Member states advocate for the decolonization of remaining territories and support the aspirations of oppressed peoples for freedom and independence.
Q 5. Discuss the role played by India in the emergence of the Non-Aligned movement.
Ans: Under the leadership of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in the 1980s, India sought to reassert its role in the Non-Aligned Movement by prioritizing economic development. India played a moderating role in the movement, focusing on addressing the economic grievances of the developing world. The 1983 Delhi summit of the NAM enhanced India’s image within the movement, but it was overshadowed by India’s pro-Soviet leanings and its stance on the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
The end of the Cold War left the Non-Aligned Movement without its original purpose, leading to divisions among its members over international disputes, strategy, and organisation. At the 1992 Jakarta summit, India took a balanced stance between members advocating for confrontation with the developed world and those favouring cooperation.
Despite playing a relatively minor role at the 1992 summit, India was instrumental in formulating the Non-Aligned Movement’s position against linking foreign aid to human rights criteria by developed countries.
As a founding member of the group, india played an important role setting many international disputes such as the disputes in Korea, Indo- china, congo, Cyprus, middle-East, etc. India gas been the champion of suppressed nationalities. It he as declared’ no first use of nuclear weapon’ with Pakistan. India gas stood fir disarmament and arms control as a means ti achieve peace in the world. She is ad made sincere efforts for the reduction of armaments and destruction of nuclear weapons. In 1956 , India put resolution on disarmament before the General Assembly of Un. However, she has refugsed to sign comprehensive ted Ban Treaty (CTBT) as she finds it discrimination in nature.
Q 6. Mention the role played by the Non-Aligned movement in the liquidation of colonialism and imperialism in the world.
Ans: The starting of the Non-Aligned movement (NAM) in 1962 is a significant event of the world history. It marked the beginning of a new era of international politics and relationship. The emergence of this group gad Far-reaching consequences in the world history .
The policy of keeping away from any of the power blocs of the world and if following an independent foreign policy is known as the Non-Alignment. The NAM was started in 1961 under the leadership of pt Jawaharlal Nehru of india, president Ahmed Sukarno of Indonesia, president Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Marshal Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia.
The Non-Aligned Movement gained the most traction in the 1950s and early 1960s, when the international policy of non-alignment achieved major successes in decolonization, disarmament, opposition to racism and opposition to apartheid in South Africa, and persisted throughout the entire Cold War, despite several conflicts between members, and despite some members developing closer ties with either the Soviet Union, China, or the United States. In the years since the Cold War’s end in 1991, the movement has focused on developing multilateral ties and connections as well as unity among the developing nations of the world, especially those in the Global South.
NAM played a major role in awaking the world about the plight of black south African under the white dominated regime. It strongly supported the polices and action of the African National Congress led by Nelson Mandela. Thus the Apartheid from south africa. The Non-Aligned group group has helped the recently became independent countries, in their economic recovery and technological development. The NAM movement always stood for the preservation and expansion of the human rights all over the world. It has spoken against the deprivation of human rights in countries such as Myanmar, sir Lanka, sudan, Ethiopia, etc. The NAM strongly supported the Palestinians in their be attempt to get ll abd of their own.
Q 7. What do you think about the future of the non- Aligned Movement? Discuss.
Ans: The Non-Aligned movement (NAM) started in 1961 has been able to render a great service in the maintenance of world peace and international good relationship. This movement came up in the wake of the cold war situation that had developed between the United States of America leading the capitalist bloc on one side and the Soviet Union leading the Socialist bloc. Therefore, there is a view with the collapse of Soviet Union in the 1990-90, the relevance of the NAM has been over.
The Non-Aligned movement is one of the world’s largest blocs of nations but is underutilized by its members. Its potential for trade would be world changing. Naysayers would argue that the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) has outlived its purpose. Established in 1961, under the rapid global polarization of the Cold War, the grouping provided safe haven for countries that did not wish to pledge allegiance to one superpower or the other. Now, over 60 years later, the Cold War is a thing of the past.
All These call for Active intervention of the non-Aligned group has a great role to play. In many countries, the basic human rights have been denied and people continue to live under strict state control. The fundamental rights, equal rights, right to live and right to work in one’s own country, etc. Have been denied to thousands of people. A lot of people in different countries Today are being uprooted by brute might and on ground of religion and race. Thousands are Made homeless because of racial prejudice and religious difference. Thousands have been killed in the name of religion.
NAM could strengthen economic cooperation among member states to promote sustainable development, trade, and investment. This could involve initiatives to enhance regional integration, infrastructure development, and technology transfer to support economic growth and reduce dependence on external actors. The non-aligned nations, although currently independent countries, face economic difficulties because of the global slowdown. They don’t get any kind of assistance like investing, borrowing from several other nations.
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