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NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 10 Human Settlements
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Human Settlements
Chapter: 10
PART – I FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
Very Short Type Questions Answer
1. What is a rural settlement?
Ans: The situations where people settle on the outskirts of cities and towns.
2. What is an urban settlement?
Ans: The settlements that generally have a high population which is mostly dependent on non-agricultural sectors are called urban settlements.
3. What do you mean by compact settlements?
Ans: Closely built area of dwellings wherever flat land is available.
4. What do you mean by scattered settlements?
Ans: One of the main types of settlement patterns used by landscape historians to classify rural settlements found in England and other parts of the world.
5. State the types of villages on the basis of shapes?
Ans: These may be a number of geometrical forms and shapes such as Linear, rectangular, circular star like, T-shaped village, double village, cross-shaped village etc.
6. What is the linear pattern of settlements?
Ans: A linear settlement is a (normally small to medium-sized) settlement or group of buildings that is formed in a long line.
7. What is the main occupation of people in rural areas?
Ans: In rural areas, agriculture is the main occupation.
Short Type Questions Answer
1. What are the merits and demerits of compact settlements?
Ans: Compact settlements offer several advantages, both for individuals and the community as a whole. Some of the key advantages include:
(i) Efficient Land Use: Compact settlements allow for efficient land use as buildings are closely spaced, making the most of limited land resources.
Disadvantages:
(i) Limited Privacy: Nucleated settlements often have a high population density, resulting in limited privacy for residents. The close proximity of houses and shared spaces can lead to noise pollution and a lack of personal space.
2. What are the merits and demerits of scattered settlements?
Ans: The merits of scattered settlements are:
(i) No noise.
(ii) Less pollution.
(iii) Fires and disease do not spread.
The demerits of scattered settlements are:
(i) Poor transportation.
(ii) Difficult to get places.
3. State the main causes of human settlements?
Ans: The main cause of human settlements are:
(i) River: The first early human settlements were built near water so that they could get water easily for their daily life activities.
(ii) Relief: Humans prefer to settle in plain areas rather than hilly areas.
(iii) Volcanoes: The land is the other necessary feature for human settlement and farming. Around volcanoes, archaeologists found many earlier human settlements.
(iv) Climate: Settlements can develop in moderate favourable climatic conditions.
4. Distinguish between star pattern and circular pattern of settlements.
Ans:
| Basis | Star Pattern of settlements | Circular pattern of settlements. |
| Meaning | A star pattern settlement looks like a star. The circular settlement usually has a central feature – a water body, a pasture, or a place of worship – around which all the dwellings are built. | The settlements in which houses are constructed in a circular shape is known as Circular Patterns. |
| Objective | Settlement geography is the study of human land, water and resource use, population density patterns, and settlement growth. | Hence the purpose of circular rural settlement is a concept of land use pattern. |
| Aim | In the star-shaped settlements, houses spread out along the sides of roads in all directions. | Circular or semi-circular settlement patterns comprise structures surrounding a central space. |
5. Location of urban centres examined with reference to their functions. Give an example.
Ans: Location Location of urban centres is examined with reference to their function, e.g. strategic towns offering natural defence, mining towns, industrial towns, tourist centres, places with historical relics and other places that can provide proper living conditions have the potential to develop into urban centres.
Towns, cities, conurbations, megalopolis, and million cities include the major urban settlements.
6. How does a rural settlement pattern reflect the influence of environmental conditions physically and culturally? Explain.
Ans: Environmental factors greatly affected where people settled. Three important factors were water, topography (the shape and elevation of the surface features of the land), and vegetation (plant life). These three factors were determined by each area’s physical geography.
(i) Poorly equipped with infrastructure.
(ii) Inadequate water supply.
(iii) General absence of toilets and Garbage disposal facilities.
(iv) The house made up of mud wood and thatch remains susceptible to damage. during natural calamities.
(v) Lack of proper ventilation 6 Unmetalled roads and lack of modern communication network.
Long Type Questions Answer
1. Describe the distribution pattern of rural settlements in the world.
Ans: A settlement pattern is defined as the distribution of buildings and houses in a geographic region. Some populations, e.g., the displaced, often reside on lands outside towns and cities, contributing to rural settlement patterns. Rural areas are vast land spaces with a few houses or buildings and an equally fewer number of people. Rural areas have fewer infrastructural systems than urban centres, i.e., towns and cities. Rural settlement populations often depend on pastoral and agricultural activities for their sustainability.
(i) Linear rural settlements comprise houses built along a line. They are often found along riverbanks, roads, sea coasts, etc. Except for mountainous regions, agricultural lands extend behind the houses. For a linear settlement pattern along a river, the river provides water for domestic use and is also a means of transport. Roads can be constructed parallel to the river to access the inland farms.
(ii) Compact settlements have houses clustered together, often joining on the sides. The houses may also be stacked in numerous family buildings. There are narrow streets between the rows of homes and buildings.
(iii) Circular patterned settlement- Settlement pattern that develops around features such as water bodies, pastures, places of worship, etc.
(iv) Star-shaped pattern settlement- Settlement pattern that develops at places where different roads converge.
2. Give functional classification of towns giving suitable examples from each type.
Ans: Functional classification of towns categorises them based on their primary economic activities and functions.
Here are the main types:
(i) Industrial Towns: An industrial town is a city where the economic system is based on the industry, such as a mining town. An area where workers of a monolithic heavy industry live within walking-distance of their places of work.
(ii) Ludhiana, India: Ludhiana is located at 30°54′N 75°51′E. It has an average elevation of 244 metres (801 ft). Ludhiana City, to its residents, consists of the Old City and the New City.
(iii) Commercial Towns: Commercial towns and cities specialising in trade and commerce are kept in this class. Kolkata, Saharanpur, Satna, etc.
(iv) Singapore: Singapore is known for its excellent business opportunities. Singapore is a highly developed country and has a leading economy. Singapore is also considered a tax haven and a leader in trade and development. This makes them attractive to many foreign investors.
(v) Administrative Towns: Towns supporting administrative headquarters of higher order are administrative towns, such as Chandigarh, New Delhi, Bhopal, Shillong, Guwahati, Imphal, Srinagar, Gandhinagar, Jaipur Chennai, etc.
(vi) Canberra, Australia: Canberra covers an area of 814.2 km2 (314.4 sq mi) and is located near the Brindabella Ranges (part of the Australian Alps), approximately 150 km (93 mi) inland from Australia’s east coast.
(vii) Residential Towns: A residential community is a community, usually a small town or city, that is composed mostly of residents, as opposed to commercial businesses and/or industrial facilities, all three of which are considered to be the three main types of occupants of the typical community.
(viii) Retirement communities: A retirement community is a residential community or housing complex designed for older adults who are generally able to care for themselves.
(ix) Tourist Towns: Tourism is an explicit geographical phenomenon that encompasses the movement of people, for leisure-related purposes, between origin and destination(s).
(x) Venice, Italy: Venice is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. It is sited on a group of 117 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by bridges. These are located in the marshy Venetian Lagoon which stretches along the shoreline, between the mouths of the Po and the Piave Rivers.
3. What is an urban settlement? When will you call an urban settlement instead of rural?
Ans: An urban settlement typically refers to a densely populated area where the majority of the residents are engaged in non-agricultural activities such as commerce, industry, and services. These settlements often have well-developed infrastructure, including transportation networks, utilities, and public services. The distinction between urban and rural settlements is usually based on population density, economic activities, and infrastructure.
(i) Population Density: Urban settlements tend to have higher population densities compared to rural areas. High population density, typically exceeding 400 people per square kilometre. Designated and notified by the government as an urban settlement.
(ii) Economic Activities: Urban settlements are characterised by a diverse range of economic activities beyond agriculture.Therefore, for this page, economic activity is split into retail, commercial and industrial. Commercial: the provision of services to the general public and businesses, usually taking place in offices.
(iii) Infrastructure: Urban settlements typically have more developed infrastructure compared to rural areas.Urban assets, commonly referred to as urban infrastructure, which includes facilities and equipment for transportation, energy, water supply, sewage treatment, and solid waste disposal or, in a more general sense, the built environment.
(iv) Administrative Status: The Urban Administration is also known as municipal governance. It takes care of all the duties which seek the comfortability of people living in urban areas. It takes care of the responsibility like a sweeper sweeping the streets early in the morning to switch on the street lights during the night.
4. Classify towns on the basis of their functions.
Ans: Towns can be classified based on their functions into several categories, each serving specific economic, social, or administrative roles.
Here are some common classifications:
(i) Administrative Towns/Capital Cities: Administrative towns include capital cities of nations, provinces, districts and other administrative units. Delhi, Chandigarh, London and Paris are good examples of it. Like ritual cities, administrative cities were the habitations of the state rulers. Their major cultural role was to serve as the locus of state administration.
(ii) Commercial Towns: Towns and cities specialising in trade and commerce are kept in this class. Kolkata, Saharanpur, Satna, etc.
(iii) Industrial Towns: An industrial town is a city where the economic system is based on the industry, such as a mining town. An area where workers of a monolithic heavy industry live within walking-distance of their places of work.
(iv) Port Towns: Port towns are maritime communities that serve as service, trading, entertainment, and transit hubs for vessels on the ocean. They are located along coastal regions and contain docks for fishing, cargo, and pleasure boats, along with restaurants, shops, libraries, and other businesses.
(v) Tourist Towns/Resort Towns: A resort town, resort city or resort destination is an urban area where tourism or vacationing is the primary component of the local culture and economy. A typical resort town has one or more actual resorts in the surrounding area. Sometimes the term resort town is used simply for a locale popular among tourists.
(vi) Educational Towns: Starting as centres of education, some of the towns have grown into major campus towns such as Roorkee, Varanasi, Aligarh, Pilani, Allahabad etc. Varanasi, Mathura, Amritsar, Madurai, Puri, Ajmer, Pushkar, Tirupati, Kurukshetra, Haridwar, Ujjain came to prominence due to their religious/cultural significance.
(vii) Healthcare Towns: Health care, or healthcare, is the improvement of health via the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, amelioration or cure of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in people. Health care is delivered by health professionals and allied health fields.
(viii) Transportation Hubs: Numerous advantages are expected from transportation hubs. They can offer a high frequency of services in respect to other locations. The other advantage is the impressive development of an efficient distribution system simply because the transportation hubs can handle more traffic.
(ix) Agricultural Service Centers: The rural service centres play a very effective role in the life of the villagers. They can be considered from the aspects of medical, educational, market centres, transportation, water supply, Post and Telegraph, banking and shopping facilities.
(x) Military Towns: Military geography, then, is a subfield of human. geography, which takes as its central focus the. spatialities of military practices.
Other Textual Questions & Answers
1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below:
(i) Which of the following forms of settlement develops along either side of roads, rivers or canals?
(a) Circular.
(b) Linear.
(c) Cross shaped.
(d) Square.
Ans: (b) Linear.
(ii) Which one of the following types of activities dominates in all rural settlements?
(a) Primary.
(b) Tertiary.
(c) Secondary.
(d) Quaternary.
Ans: (a) Primary.
(iii) In which of the following regions has the oldest well-documented urban settlement found?
(a) Huang He Valley.
(b) Indus Valley.
(c) Nile Valley.
(d) Mesopotamia.
Ans: (d) Mesopotamia.
(iv) How many of the following cities in India have attained million status at the beginning of 2006?
(a) 40
(b) 42
(c) 41
(d) 43
Ans: (b) 42.
(v) Sufficiency of which type of resources can help to create adequate social infrastructure catering to the needs of the large population in the developing countries.
(a) Financial.
(b) Human.
(c) Natural.
(d) Social.
Ans: (c) Natural.
2. Complete the statements:
(i) A settlement refers to _____________.
Ans: An organised colony of humans living together with the buildings in which they live or use and the paths and streets over which they travel.
(ii) Compact settlements are commonly _____________.
Ans: Seen in river valley and fertile plain.
(iii) Compact settlements are present.
Ans: In India, China, Thailand and Japan.
(iv) Igloos are found in the region of _____________.
Ans: Tundra.
(v) Along the road _____________ settlement pattern is found.
Ans: linear.
(vi) _____________ is the largest town of South America.
Ans: Sao Paulo.
(vii) The population of an urban town in India is _____________.
Ans: 5000.
(viii) The density of population in urban areas in India is about _____________.
Ans: 400.
(ix) The _____________ settlement pattern is found along coasts.
Ans: linear.
(x) There are _____________ million plus towns in the world.
Ans: 438.
(xi) _____________ is the urban population in the world.
Ans: 48%.
