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Class 12 Education Chapter 5 (A) Memory and Forgetting
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(A) Memory and Forgetting
Chapter: 5
EDUCATION
Part -A
A. Questions for 1 Mark Each :
(a) Write whether the following statements are true or false :
Q.1. Forgetting helps in the act of remembering.
Ans :- True.
Q.2. We cannot attend more than one thing at a time.
Ans :- True.
Q.3. We forget more in the day time than at night.
Ans :- False.
Q.4. Memory cannot be improved by practice.
Ans :- False.
Q.5. Forgetting may be temporary as well as permanent.
Ans : True.
Q.6. Memory School of psychology considers memory as a mental process.
Ans :- False.
Q.7. Repetition is essential for learning.
Ans :- True.
Q.8. Health is a prerequisite for good memory.
Ans :- True.
Q.9. Memory is a mechanical process.
Ans :- True.
Q.10. Memory is present knowledge of past experience.
Ans :- True.
Q.11. When older memories interfere in retrieval of newer memory it is called repression.
Ans :- False.
Q.12. Mass learning is more helpful than spaced learning in memorization.
Ans :- False.
Q.13. Whole method of learning is more effective than part learning in memorization.
Ans :- True.
Q.14. Closure is a cause of forgetting.
Ans :- True.
Q.15. It is easier to remember meaningless words.
Ans :- False.
Q.15. Recognition is possible in the presence of past experience.
Ans :- True.
Q.17. Recognition is not possible in absence of sensory experiences.
Ans :- False.
Q.18. Forgetting is essential for memory.
Ans :- True.
Q.19. Memory iş a remarkable mental power.
Ans :- True.
Q.20. Memory is an active process of our mind.
Ans :- True.
Q.21. Memory can not take place without sensory experiences.
Ans :- True.
Q.22. Capacity of retention is native.
Ans :- True.
Q.23. Recognition is comparatively a passive process than recall.
Ans :- False.
Q.24. We remember the multiplication table because of habit memory.
Ans :- True.
Q.25. Good memory is always serviceable.
Ans :- True.
B. Fill in the gaps:
Q.26. The process of reproduction of past experience in conscious mind is known as ………………
Ans :- Recall or remembering.
Q.27. Identification of past experience in its presence is known as …………..
Ans :- Memory.
Q.28. Presence of an object of reproduction is …………. essential in the process.
Ans :- Memory.
Q.29. Time gap is a cause of …………….
Ans :- Forgetting.
Q.30. According to Burgson there are two types of memory – one is true memory and the other type ……… Memory.
Ans :- Habit.
Q.31. Forgetting due to physical causes is called……………
Ans :- Fading.
Q.32. ……………..is possible only in the presence of a past stimulus.
Ans :- Memory.
Q.33. Retro-active-inhibition may be one of the causes of ……………
Ans :- Forgetting.
Q.34. Memory consists of three separate and interrelated components – learning retention and ……………
Ans :- Recall or remembering.
Q.35. Memory traces are known as ……………
Ans :- engram.
Q.36. When newer memories interfere in retrieval of older memory it is called ……………
Ans :- Retro-active-inhibition.
Q.37. Learning something given intervals is known as……………
Ans :- Spaced learning.
Q.38. …………..believed that memory can be improved through practice.
Ans :- William Mc Dougall.
Q.39. Forgetting is a defence mechanism of the conscious mind. The statement was made by………
Ans :- Freud.
Q.40. A man identifies a friend whom he has not met for a long time. He did it with the help of………………
Ans :- Recall or remembering.
Q.41. A teacher while teaching about a poem recited from memory a poem of the same poet which she learnt in her childhood The type of memory activated was…………….
Ans :- Memory (Image).
Q.42. …………..is the first step in memory.
Ans :- Experience acquisition-or learning.
Q.43. …………… is the second stage in memory.
Ans :- Retention.
Q.44. ………….is the mental revival of image.
Ans :- Memory.
Q.45. Memory formed through a motor mechanism is known as ……………..
Ans :- Habit memory.
Q.46. When the time gap between learning and remembering is long then it is known as ………. memory.
Ans :- Long term.
Q.47. …………..memory is based on logical thinking.
Ans :- Logical.
Q.48. According to ………………memory can be improved. by practice.
Ans :- M.C. Dougall.
Q.49. According to …………..retentiveness is innate.
Ans :- Stout.
Q.50. Inability to remember is commonly known as……………
Ans :- Inability to remember is commonly known as forgetting.
Q.61. Remembering with deliberate attempts is known as …………… memory.
Ans :- active.
Q.62. ………….memory is a mechanical type of memory.
Ans :- Rote memóry.
Q.63. Remembering our name is an example of…………… Memory.
Ans :- prolonged .
Q.64. Swimming is possible because of …………. memory.
Ans :- habit
C. Give Short Answer (preferably in one sentence) :
Q.65. What is recognition?
Ans :- Recognition is a form of remembering charecterized by a feeling of familiarity when something previously experienced is again encountered.
Q.66. What is the first factor of memorization?
Ans :- Learning or acquisition of experience.
Q.67. Write the name of the process which sends the unfavourable experience from conscious mind to unconscious mind to unconscious mind.
Ans :- Repression.
Q.68. What is a memory trace?
Ans :- Memory trace is a memory that is somehow physically stored in the brain. This is also reffered to as an engram. Nobody really knows how this actually occours, but research has shown that it’s likely that memory is physically stored in many areas of the brain, not just one specific area.
D. Give Short Answer (preferably in one sentence) :
Q.69. What is true memory?
Ans :- True memory involves image or mental pictures of past events.
Q.70. Why is recognition easier than recall?
Ans :- Recognition easier then recall because it involves more causal those cues spread activation to related information in memory, raise the answer’s activation, and make you more likely to pick it.
Q.71. Mention which process seems to operate in answering multiple choice items.
Ans :- Recognition process.
Q.72. Give an example of immediate memory.
Ans :- Dictation writing is an example of immediate memory.
Q.73. “Black reminds us white”- Why
Ans :- Due to the associative memory black reminds us while.
Q.74. “The daughters’ face reminds us about her mother”- Why
Ans :- Due to the similarity of associative memory the daughters face reminds us about her mother.
Q.75. Why is property more easily memorised?
Ans :- We get to remember poems when we hear it by recitation Rhythmic recitation of poems help our memory. So poetry is more easily memorised.
Q.76. What is habit memory?
Ans :- Habit memory is the idea that habits are formed partly through memorization.
Q.77. Write the name of the psychologist, who believed that memory, can be improved through practice?
Ans :- The name of the psychologist, who believed that memory, can be improved through practice are William MC, Dougall.
E. QUESTIONS FOR 2 MARK EACH :
Q.1. Mention two factors that help retention of past experience.
Ans :- Two factors that help retention of past experiences are:- repetition and continuous practice.
Q.2. Write the name of two processes through which we can remember something.
Ans :- (a) Recognition (b) Recall.
Q.3. What is repression?
Ans :- Repression is used to describe the conscious or unconscious blocking of recollections or memories of a past event.
Q.4. What is blocking?
Ans :- To prevent movement through or past something, or to prevent something from happening or succeeding is known as blocking.
Q.5. What is fading?
Ans :- Forgetting due to physical causes is termed as fading.
Q.6. How does the law of dissimilarity help in memorization?
Ans :- If three is differences between two subjects it helps us in memorization. eg sorrow things can be maintained by remembering good things. Darkness can be removed by brightness.
Q.7. What is the span of memory?
Ans :- The number of items, usually words or numbers, that a person can retain and recall. Span of Memory is a test of working memory. In a typical test of memory span, an examiner reads a list of random numbers about the rate of one number per second. At the end of a sequence, the person being tested is asked to recall the items in order. The average span for normal adults is seven to nine.
Q.8. “Repetition is an essential condition of memory.”-Explain.
Ans :- Repetition strengthens the bond in learning to keep its impression for a long period of time. It makes our learning more active. It is valuable for learning all types of material for both immediate and delayed recall.
Q.9. “Recognition facilitates recall.”-explain with an example.
And :- Recall is the mental search of information, whereas recognition is the mental familiarity with information. When a person recalls a piece if information, they think back to any memories related to the desired piece of information until they have it. People use recall to define words.
Example of recall :- Describing a dangerous experience, or remembering the address of a well-loved person.
Q.10. Give an example of sensory memory.
Ans :- The ability to look at something and remember what it looked like with just a second of observation is an example of sensory memory.
Q.11. What is long term memory?
Ans :- Long term memory refers to the memory process in the brain that takes information from the short term memory store and creates long lasting memories.
Q.12. Will to learn helps in remembering – explain.
Ans :- Intention to learn and concentrate gives longer retention and better recall. Materials learned without intention are difficult to be remembered for longer times. So it is said that the will to learn is winning half the battle.
Q.13. ‘Will to learn helps in remembering’ – Explain .
Ans :- Intention to learn and concentrate gives longer retention and better recall. Materials learned without intention are difficult to be remembered for longer times. So it is said that the will to learn is winning half the battle.
Q.14. What is a spaced method of learning?
Ans :- Spaced method if learning comprises breaking a long course into several sessions or modules of shorter durations with breaks in between the sessions. With this approach of teaching, learners can retain the information taught in the course.
Q.15. “Organisation of material is a favourable condition of learning” –Discuss.
Ans :- In general, the importance of the problem or the meaningfulness of objects is also as important to secure attention. Because, we pay attention to that which is of concern to us.
Q.16. Mention two conditions which can improve retention.
Ans : There may be two types of retention :
(i) short term memory .
(ii) Long term memory .
F. QUESTIONS FOR 3 MARK EACH :
Q.1. What is memory? Give a comprehensive definition of memory.
Ans :- Memory is the faculty of the mind by which data or information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed. It is the retention of information over time for the purpose of influencing future action. If past events could not be remembered, it would be impossible for language, relationships or personal identity to develop, Memory loss is usually described as forgetfulness or amnesia.
Comprehensive definition of memory refers to the psychological processes of acquiring, storing, retaining, and leter retrieving information. There are three major processes involved in memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Human memory involves the ability to both preserve and recover information. However, this is not a flawless process.
Q.2. What is sensory memory?
Ans :- Sensory memory is a mental representation of how environment events look, sound, feel, smell and taste. It includes a little long-term component useful for such activities as recognizing a color or a familiar voice. However, most vived details of sensory memory seem to fade quickly.
Q.3. What is the relationship between memory and image?
Ans :- True memory involves images or mental pictures of past events. Image memory is regarded as a pure type of memory and is used widely by all.
Q.4. Give psychological analysis of the following.
Ans :- Psychology has various methodological ways or approaches to understanding and explaining psychological phenomena. In order to obtain responses from individuals a number of psychological tools or instruments are used. The responses taken on those tools constitute the basic data that are analyzed to study human experiences, mental processes and behaviours.
Q.5. Explain the followings:
( i ) Forgetting is a condition of memorization .
( ii ) Forgetting is a blessing .
( iii ) Forgetting is a defence mechanism
Ans :- ( i ) Forgetting is a condition of memorization:- Forgetting is regarded as a condition of memory because retentive capacity which is so essential for memory is an inherited ability and hence it is limited . Forgetting helps the mind to push necessary and old ideas into unconsciousness and thus make space to learn and retain new experiences .
( ii ) Forgetting is a blessing:- Forgetting though unwanted is essential because it indirectly helps in learning and acquiring experiences . Forgetting helps in removing unnecessary things from mind and making space to retain the essential one . Forgetting is necessary for memory as well as a person’s good mental health .
( iii ) Forgetting is a defence mechanism:- Frued the great psychoanalyst regarded forgetting as a very necessary condition for good mental health . According to him it is a defence mechanism of the human mind . Because it helps to forget the sorrows and painful experiences of life and to lead a normal life with normal mental conditions.
Q.6. Explain how the law of association helps in memorization.
Ans :- The principle of association is very helpful in remembering and recall . Items should be made to connect learning with previous learning on one hand and with so many related things on the other . Sometimes special techniques and devices are to be used that facilitate learning and recall . For eg . – VIBGYOR has proved us an effective aid in remembering the colours of rainbow .
Q.7. What are the different stages involved in the memory process ?
Ans :- The different stages in the process of memory are-
( a ) Learning or acquisition of experience:- This is the first stage in the process of memory. Without learning or acquisition of knowledge the mind is like a white sheet of paper. Memory cannot occur without prior learning or acquisition of knowledge.
( b ) Retention or Retaining:- Whatever one learns , effort must be made to store their images in mind . Without this retaining function , nobody can have memory . The stored images of learning and experiences can be recalled whenever necessary . As it is inherited , the power of retention is limited and cannot be changed.
( c ) Recall or Remembering:- This is the third stage where images stored are brought back to the conscious part of the mind. Efforts are made to revive and reproduce past experiences in the present context without making any change of the images.
( d ) Recognition :- It is the fourth stage. Recognition is the act of mentally verifying the correctness or otherwise of the remembered factor.
Q.8 . What is memory training ?
Ans :- Memory Training is a program for helping individuals of all ages sustainably improve memory and attention. Memory training is intended to improve our memory by using a combination of compensatory and remedial strategies, which addresses both the shortcomings of the memory system and strategies for accommodating weaknesses. At Landstorm center, our comprehensive diagnostic evaluations will allow our clinical team to pinpoint exactly where memory and attention issues are stemming from. Our clinical team will then be able to determine what type of memory is in need of intervention and what intervention patient. Memory training will allow patient to improve their attention, concentration, and working and long term memory.
Q.9 . ” There is no place for creativity in memory. ” – explain.
Ans :- ” There is no place for creativity in memory . ” – A person may have more memory power , but he may not be intellectually sound . A person of good memory can memorise the content only but if his intelligence is not so good then he cannot find the content in the proper place.
Q.10. Mention three factors which help in retention .
Ans :- Three factors which help in retention are-
1. Recognition and rewards.
2. Employee friendly work environment.
3. Employee satisfaction survey on a regular basis.
Q.11. Identify which types of memory seems to operate in the following cases –
( a ) Playing a musical instrument.
( b ) Using a telephone number from a telephone diary.
( c ) Writing dictation.
Ans :- ( a ) Habit memory.
( b ) Rote memory.
( c ) Immediate memory.
Q.12 . What is the opinion of stout regarding memory improvement ?
Ans :- Stout contends that memory can be improved, but only in special directions, by long practice the actors come to remember and recall their dialogue or part. But effects of practice are strictly confined to the special field and do not spread to other fields of work.
Q.13 . ‘ We forget because we do not want to remember something’ Discuss.
Ans :- We forget because we don’t want to remember someone because there are a number of reasons which lead us to forget things. Most of the times, you would see that it is easy to remember things if we attach or associate pictures or any sort of visual representation to them. This is because this give us extra link in our brain and also makes us form an option of it. It may be a functional feature of the brain, allowing it to interact dynamically with the environment.
Q.14 . ” To remember well , we must forget a great deal ” -explain.
Ans :- To remember well , it is necessary to forget unnecessary things. If a person continues to remember unpleasant incidents and unnecessary things there is likelihood of his working capacity getting slack and weak.
Q.15. Why closure is considered as a cause of forgetting?
Ans :- When our learning is going on or half completed , then in our mind a mental tension is also happening for the later part of learning . For which memory remains in an active mood . But when our learning becomes and then our mind feels a tension free mood , as a result the impact of forgetting is seen .
Q.16. ” Nita has learnt a poem from her book , after learning the second poem she forgot the first one ‘ — Give reason.
Ans :- It is occured due to retroactive inhibition . If immediately after learning a lesson we are born a new lesson, the new learning inhibits the retention of the previous learning .
Q.17. We forget more in day than night.
Ans :- In our life both memory and forgetting are equally important . Forgetting is an important condition of memory . Memory depends upon forgetting . Forgetting helps the mind to push necessary and old ideas into unconsciousness and thus makes space to learn & retain new experiences .
In day time we can mix up with the various peoples , situations , environment , etc conditions, so it is not possible to memorise all things which are around as in day time . But at night we can stay at home and relax our minds from the above conditions. That is why we forget more in day than night .
G. QUESTIONS FOR 4 MARK EACH:
Q.1 . Distinguish between:
( a ) True memory and habit memory.
Ans :- True memory depends on independent recollections. It depends upon association and motivated study and therefore it is preferred to by educators. On the other hand Habit memory is dependent upon mere motor mechanism. The contents of a lesson which has been learned by heart by repetition and hence can be recalled almost mechanically is in example of habit memory.
( b ) Recall and recognition.
Ans:- Recall is the mental search of information, whereas recognition is the mental familiarity with information. When a person recalls a piece of information, they think back to any memories related to the desired piece of information until they have it. People use recall to define words. when a person recognizes a piece of information, through, they don not have to think back to any memories related to the desired piece of information, because they are already familiar with it. People use recognition to navigate through their neighborhood.
( c ) Immediate memory and prolonged memory.
Ans :- The differences that exists between immediate memory and prolonged memory may be summarised as under :-
( i ) For immediate memory intensive study is necessary for a short period but for prolonged memory a long duration of study is required.
( ii ) Immediate memory is not long lasting. Students hardly remember more than half after six months of their examination. But prolonger memory is everlasting.
( iii ) Immediate memory has no permanent value but prolonged memory has permanent value .
( iv ) Immediate memory is a good form of memory but prolonged memory is the best form of memory .
( d ) Rote memory and logical memory.
Ans :- Rote memory is verbal repetition of a learnt material mechanically, it is similar to habit memory and it is possible without understanding the learnt material, for example, learning the multiplication labels or a poem. But on the other hand, logical memory involves a paper understanding of the material learnt.
Q.2 . Write four characteristics of good memory.
Ans :- Four characteristics of good memory are :-
( i ) Rapid learning.
( ii ) Good retention.
( iii ) Rapid recall and
( iv ) Rapid recognition.
( i ) Rapid learning:- The quicker an object is observed, the quicker is its memorisation. Rapidity in learning is influenced by the methods of learning, environment, and ability.
( ii ) Good retention:- A person’s memory is considered good if he has good power of retention, and an individual who can retain and experience for a long period is said to process of good memory. Students prossessing little or limited powers of retention face difficulties in passing their examinations.
( iii ) Rapid recall:- It is a characteristic of memory that whatever is learned or experienced should be recalled quickly.
( iv ) Rapid recognition:- Another important feature of a good memory is that of rapid recognition because in our route life there are many situations and experiences which should be recognized at once. A person processing a good memory immediately recognizes related experiences and pattern.
Q.3 . Discuss about the factors involved in the memory process.
Ans :- The following are the major factors of memory :-
i ) Ability to retain:- Thus depends upon memory traces left in the brain by past experiences.
ii) Good health:- A person with good health can retain the learnt material better than a person with poor health.
iii) Age of the learner:- Youngsters can remember better than the aged.
iv) Maturity:- very young children cannot retain and remember complex material.
Q.4 . Describe four physical causes of forgetting.
Ans : – Four physical causes of forgetting :-
1. Old age :- Forgetting is generally more in senior people. Nervous system of the body along with the brain function generally declines due to age.
2. Depression:- Common signs of depression include a stifling sadness, lack of drive, and lessening of pleasure in things you ordinarily enjoy. Forgetfulness can also be a sign of depression or a consequence of it.
3. Tiredness or Fatigue :- Working very hard continuously for a long time makes you physically exhausted. As a result the nervous system including the brain becomes tired and weak. Such a situation induced forgetting.
4. Lack of sleep:- Not getting enough sleep in perhaps the greatest unappreciated cause of forgetfulness. Too little restful sleep can also lead to mood changes and anxiety, which in turn contribute to problems with memory.
Q.5 . Explain the concept of associative memory with example.
Ans :- It is a special type of memory that is optimized for performing searches through data, as opposed to providing a simple direct access to the data based on the address. It is a general tendency of mind to use association while remembering past experience and learning. We remember something in association with some other thing. Associative factors like sameness , difference and nearness are aid to remembering. There are three laws of association that operate in memory relating to these factors called the law of similarity, the law of contrast and the law of contiguity respectively.
Associative factors also help the students in exercise of memory effectively in examinations. The Daughter’s fare remains one of the mother owing to the law of similarity. The days of hardship reminds one of the days of glory owing to the law of contrast. Similarly , the name of Rama reminds one of the name of Label name owing to the law of contiguity.
Q.6 . Describe any two economical methods of memorising.
Ans :- Any two economical method of memorising are:-
( i ) Recitation:- Recitation is economical of time in memorising, and fixes the mater more durably. If nonsence syllabus are replaced by sensible material, we get better results. Recitation is a greater advantage for permanent memory then for immediate memory.
( ii ) Motive:- Motive purpose or utility of learning should be clear in mind if maximum output of learning is to be derived. Aimless or imaginary learning gives the discouraging result. Motive gives incentive to learning and remembering.
Q.7 . ” Recall is impossible without retention and retention is useless without recall . ” – Discuss.
Ans :- Retention is the ability or capacity of the mind to retain the facts learnt in the past. It is the function of the brain. It is the storage of material brought up by learning. So retention depends on learning. Retention makes our experiences more efficient and clear. Again coming to the consciousness the past experiences is called recall. Recall is learned response to a stimulus. This recall is based on retention because it is on the basis of it that we are able to remember old things and what we will retain is easily recalled. Therefore it is said that recall is impossible without retention and retention is useless without recall.
Q.8 . ‘ Forgetting may be considered as a boon to us ‘.- Discuss.
Ans :- Forgetting is the opposite direction of memory. Forgetting means failure to recall to mind an idea or group of idea. When an individual try to recall the past experiences , but is not able to bring it to his mind is forgetting. we have to unable to recall or reproduce the past experiences from our mind due to forgetting. As a result or for it we have to loss facts , knowledge etc. from the mind. Therefore it is considered as a boon to us.
Q.9 . Explain how forgetting protects our mental health as a defence mechanism.
Ans :- Forgetting refers to the failure or loss of information already stored in our brain. It is gradual , spontaneous and universal process in which we are unable to memories our past experiences from memory storage. Though this condition is unbearable ful for us yet from some other point of view we can Judged it as a defence mechanism. Because , we have to store new learning in our mind in our daily life. So for the storage of new learning we have to forget some unnecessary experience of our mind. Moreover our life circle we have to face some too sorrowful experience and it hits our mind , if it his hit is running continuously then it may stand as a hindrance in our life. In that situation also forgetting helps to protect our mind. therefore forgetting protect our mental health as defense mechanism.
Q.10. Distinguish between:
( a ) Proactive inhibition and retroactive inhibition.
Ans :- If one subject is learnt immediately after another subject the learning impression of the later one is inhibited by the previous one is known as proactive inhibition. On the other hand when one subject is learnt immediately after another subject without any break , the learning impression or image of the previous one is inhibited by the later one is known as retroactive inhibition.
( b ) Short term memory and long term memory.
Ans :- Short term memory relates to a situation in which any memorised element has to be recalled or expressed at once. This memory is also called immediate memory. For example , pupils study just before the exams and then reproduce the learnt material , but only a part of it is remembered after a long period of time . Some special qualities are mental alertness , concentration , sharp receptivity of the sense organs and nervous system are required to develop and apply short term memory.
Prolonged memory is an ability to remember past retained experiences after a long lapse of time. It means one has learnt something in the past and reproduced it in the present after a long interval of time. It requires liveliness of mental image received and better capacity to retain in mind for a long period of time. Prolonged memory is also known as long term memory. For example if an adult can recall some events or experiences or incidents happened in his early life , he has long term memory.
Q.11. What are the different stages involved in the memory process ?
Ans :- The different stages involves in memory process are given below :-
( i ) Registration:- This is the first stage in memory . Whenever something is heard , seen or learnt , its impression is registered in our mind in the form of memory traces.
( ii ) Retention:- Every experience leaves behind traces which are retained in the mind , first in short – term memory and then passed on to long – term memory .
( iii ) Recall:- Recall is the reproduction of the material learnt and retained in the mind. Recall may be spontaneous or deliberate.
( iv ) Recognition:- An experience must be recognised as the same which had been registered and retained .
Q.12. ” Nature of learning material is a condition of forgetting ?” Discuss.
Ans :- As learning occurs universally to all human beings,so also forgetting,occurs to all.There are certain theories which explain the occurrence of forgetting.One the theory of decay, it emphasizes that the impression created in the mind fades away after a period of time due to disuse.
However there are certain activities like cycling, swimming etc. When a material is learnt, memorisation occurs keeping the whole situation in mind. But when drastic changes are made in the learning situation, forgetting occurs.
Q.13. Explain the concept of logical and rote memory with example.
Ans :- Rote memory is verbal repetition of a learnt material mechanically , it is similar to habit memory and it is possible without understanding the learnt material , for example , learning the multiplication labels or a poem. But on the other hand , logical memory involves proper understanding of the material learnt. For example:- A boy mechanically recites a poem again and again, and commits it to memory. This is rote memory. Logical memory depends upon intelligent understanding or assimilation. It does not depend upon mere repetition.
H. QUESTIONS FOR 5 MARK EACH:
Q.1 . What is memory ? Describe its mechanism.
Ans :- Memory is our ability to encode, store, retain, and subsequently recall information and past experiences in the human brain. It can be thought of in general terms as the use of past experience to affect or influence current behavior whether that’s soon after the information has been processed, or many years into the future. While it’s tempting to think of memory as computer storage or a tape recording that can be played back perfectly at will, human memory is far more complex and changeable than that! Even our ideas of how memory works have changed over the years,
Characteristics of good memory :- Psychologists have put forward the following marks of qualities of a good memory .
( i ) Ability to learn quickly :- For a good memory , it is necessary to put forward to learn anything quickly. A child who is able to learn anything quickly , is supposed to possess good memory.
( ii ) Keeping a thing in mind for long :- For a good memory , it is not necessary to learn a thing only but it is also necessary that it shall they can recollect and remember , as and when required , the ideas be retained for long . Some people have such a strong memory that of infancy or childhood.
( iii ) Quickness , in recollections :- If it is possible to learn quickly, retain it , but if it takes long to recall , as and when required , the memory shall not be called good . For a good memory , it is also necessary to recall it as an when required.
( iv ) Forgetting unnecessary things :- For a good memory it is necessary to forget unnecessary things . If a person continues to remember unpleasant incidents and unnecessary things there is likelihood of his working capacity getting slack and weak.
( v ) Utility of usefulness :- It is an essential mark of quality of good memory. If our memory is useful at a proper moment , then our memory shall be called useful and good. If we are able to reproduce answers correctly in the examination , then our memory shall be called good.
Q.2 . What is memory ? Give a few definitions of memory.
Ans :- Memory refers to retaining and recalling information over a period of time, depending upon the nature of cognitive task you are required to perform. It might be necessary to hold an information for a few seconds.
Definition of Memory :-
( i ) According to woodworth and Marauis, “Memory consists in learning, retaining and remembering what has been previously learned.”
( ii ) According to James S. Ross-“A memory is a new experience determined by dispositions laid down by a previous experience. The relation between the two being clearly apprehended.”
( iii ) According to W.M. Ryburn – ” The power that we have to store experiences and bring them into the field of consciousness something after the experience have occured is turned memory ‘
(iv) According to William Mc Dougall – ” In the strictest or narrowest sense memory or remembering implies imagining of events as the experienced in the past. “
Q.3. Define memory. What are the three things that are necessary for memory to occur.
Ans :- Memory may be described as the power of reproduction recollection of past events. It is the ability or faculty of remembering Memory is a complex process involving several factors like hearing or registration , retention , recall and recognition.
Different factors of memory :- Following are the factors of memory –
( i ) Registration :- Registration is the impression of experiences. The experiences must be imprinted on the mind to remember.
( ii ) Retention :- It means what is learnt or experienced is retained or kept in the mind. It depends upon frequency , recency and interest. If the experience is repeated frequently we remember well or in other words, we remember well.
( iii ) Recall :- Recall is the reproduction of the past experience. Recall is of two types , spontaneous and deliberate.
( iv ) Recognition :- Recognition is the mental procession power of identifying what is recalled. A person’s power of recognition is greater than his power of recall.
Q.4 . Mention some characteristics of memory .
Ans :- Characteristics of good memory :- Psychologists have put forward the following marks of qualities of a good memory.
( i ) Ability to learn quickly :- For a good memory , it is necessary to learn anything quickly. A child who is able to learn anything quickly , is supposed to possess good memory .
( ii ) Keeping a thing in mind for long :- For a good memory , it is not necessary to learn a thing only but it is also necessary that it shall be retained for long. Some people have such a strong memory that they can recollect and remember , as and when required , the ideas of infancy or childhood.
( iii ) Quickness in recollections :- If it is possible to learn quickly, retain it , but if it takes long to recall , as and when required , the memory shall not be called good. For a good memory , it is also necessary to recall it as an when required.
( iv ) Forgetting unnecessary things :- For a good memory it is necessary to forget unnecessary things . If a person continues to remember unpleasant incidents and unnecessary things there is likelihood of his working capacity getting slack and weak .
( v ) Utility of usefulness :- It is an essential mark of quality of good memory. If our memory is useful at a proper moment , then our memory shall be called useful and good. If we are able to reproduce answers correctly in the examination , then our memory shall be called good.
Q.5 . What are the makes of good memory ?
Ans :- The makes of good memory are :-
( i ) Interest :- Interest plays a vital role in remembering things . If we have interest in certain things the memory of those things becomes vivid and lasts long.
( ii ) Rhythm :- Rhythmic recitation of poems , good tune of songs interest us and help our memory. This results in good memory. We can easily remember good poems and songs because of rhythm.
( iii) Repetition :- If we repeat what we learn we can remember it better. So repetition is essential for good memory.
( iv ) Suitable Method :- The teacher should use a suitable method of teaching to improve memory of children.
( v ) Rest :- Some amount of rest is necessary for good memory. If we load our brain with many things without any rest then memorising becomes difficult.
Q.6. What is Recall ? Describe some Psychological factors related with recall.
Ans :- Recall is a act of retrieving information or events from the past while lacking a specific cue to help in retrieving the information.
Recall is of two types –
( i ) Spontaneous Recall. and
( ii ) Deliberate Recall.
In spontaneous recall the impression comes to our mind spontaneously i.e. without any effort. But in Deliberate Recall , will is needed to bring back some impression to the conscious level of mind.
Here the individual needs a better ability of keeping image in mind called retentiveness. If the power of retaining is more , the image may be kept alive and active in mind. Weakness of this power results in fading out of the image from mind. It is a difficult form of remembering which involves keeping and reviving the image of the post.
Q.7 . What is forgetting ? Mention its characteristics.
Ans :- The term forgetting refers to the loss of information already stored in long-term memory. It is also known as a passive mental process in which we can’t recall the experience or information we have already learned. It is a failure to retain what has been acquired.
Characteristics of forgetting :-
( i ) Forgetting is an inability of our mind to keep the image of experience in it.
( ii ) Forgetting acts as a defence mechanism of mind.
( iii ) Forgetting is described as an essential condition of our learning and remembering.
( iv ) Forgetting is rapid at first, then declines gradually as timepass.
Q.8. Explain how memory can be improved.
Ans :- This is a highly debatable question. The experts are divided in their opinion on this question. Some believe that memory can be improved while others think that there is no way to improve memory.
William James believes that retentiveness is a physiological ability and hence unchangeable. It is the power of learning , not the power of retention , that is improved by practice.
Memory can be improves in many ways:-
i) Study repeatedly to boost long-term recall.
ii) Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking about the material.
iii) To remember a list of unfamiliar items, use mnemonic devices.
iv) Refresh your memory by activating retrieval cues.
v) Test your own knowledge, both to rehearse it and to help determine what you do not yet know.
Q.9 . Write five important causes of forgetting.
Ans :- Some of the major causes of forgetting may be described as follows:
( i ) Trace decay:- Learning leaves a trace in the brain. If this memory traces are not used for a long time, then they begin to fade/decay and sometimes disappear altogether leading to forgetting.
ii) Trace distortion:- Some researchers believe that memory traces do not decay but get distorted. Hence, interpretation plays a major role in remembering.
iii) Interference:- This view explains that we forget because new material interferes with the retrieval of previously learnt information or old memories inhabit retention of new material.
The two types of interference are:- Proactive interference Retroactive interference
1. Proactive interference:- It is partial or complete forgetting of newly learnt material due to interference by previously learnt material.
2. Retroactive interference:- It is the partial or complete forgetting of previously learned material due to the interference of new material.
iv) Motivated forgetting:- People may consciously or unconsciously forget unwanted memories. The two level of motivated forgetting are repression and thought suppression.
1. Repression:- According to Sigmund Freud, we subconsciously push unwanted or painful memories into the unconscious.
2. Thought suppression:- It is a conscious effort to forget about painful experiences of life.
v) Retrieval failure:- The person knows something but cannot remember it when needed. This occurs due to,
i) To the inadequate encoding of material.
ii) Improper storage.
iii) Incorrect retrieval cues.
iv) The person is under emotional pressure at that time.
Q.10 . Discuss about different types of memory.
Ans :- Psychologists have recognised six types of memory.
These are described below :-
( i ) Immediate memory :- Immediate memory is the power to reproduce the impression immediately. It helps us to retain the impressions of knowledge or experience for a very short time. Writing dictation falls under this category. We listen to what is dictated to us , then we write down. This type of memory is called immediate memory , because we reproduce immediately.
( ii ) Permanent memory :- Permanent memory involves the retention of impression for a pretty long time and depends upon the formation of mental disposition. We can reproduce the impression after a long time in permanent memory in this type of memory. There is a long duration between learning and its reproduction . A dancer learns his or her lessons of dancing . Cancer can perform the dance after a long time. It means that if we can remember the things that we had learnt or seen even after a very long time then it is called permanent memory. The children have the ability of prolonged retention.
( iii ) Desultory memory :- This kind of memory involves the remembrance of a great number of facts. Some people can remember a great number of facts by reading newspapers , magazines , history , novels etc. This kind of memory falls under desultory memory.
( iv ) Logical memory :- This kind of memory involves the ability to conserve meaningful facts and impressions. It requires understanding and intelligence. Doing mathematical sums involves intelligence and power of understanding. If falls under Logical Memory.
(v) Working memory:- Working memory is a type of memory that involves the immediate and small amount of information that a person actively uses as they perform cognitive tasks. While some experts view working memory as a fourth distinct type of memory, working memory can fall under the classification of short-term memory and, in many cases, is even used interchangeably.
Q.11. Can memory be improved by practice? Discuss.
Ans :- Can memory be improved by practice:- Everyone is vitally interested in the question whether memory can be improved by practice or not.
Stout contends that memory can be improved, but only in special directions. By long practice the actors come to remember and recall their part. But effects of practice are strictly confined to the special field and do not spread to other fields of work.
According to James retentiveness is a physiological ability, so it cannot be improved by practice. Learning is a factor of memory. So, improvement of learning of recording facts indirectly helps memorisation.
William Mc Dougall had maintained that memory can be improved by practice. He had given his views on the basis of the result of his memory experiment.
From the above consideration it may be maintained that general Improvement of memory ability or power of retaining is not possible through training, although certain favourable conditions help individuals in making effective use of his memory.
Q.12. Discuss about different methods for memory training.
Ans: This is a highly debatable question. The experts are divided in their opinion on this question. Some believe that memory can be improved while others think that there is no way to improve memory.
William James believes that retentiveness is a physiological ability and hence unchangeable. It is the power of learning, not the power of retention, that is improved by practice. Stout, on the other hand, argues that memory can be improved but only in a special direction. By long practice the actors remember their parts well. The postman can remember the name and address of people because of special practise and training.
Although some hold the view that memory is hereditary and fixed at birth, through suitable methods and practice memory can be improved. So the teacher should help the child make the best use of what little memory he has. It must also be remembered that the teacher must be able to arouse interest in the class. When the child finds the teaching interesting he pays more attention which helps in memorisation. Suitable method of teaching helps memorisation.
Q.13. Can there be good or bad memories? Justify your answer.
Ans :- Memories can be both good or bad. There are memories either from long ago or from the recent past. In our critical times, we may get some refreshment by recalling our memories we can run our lives smoothly with the help of these memories.Memory plays a very significant role in one’s life. Hence everybody wants to have a good memory. But that doesn’t happen. Power of remembering varies from person to person. Some have very good memories and some have weak memories.
All people do not have equal ability to exercise memory. Following are certain distinguishing characteristics of good memory.
( i ) Ease and rapidity of learning :- A man of good memory can learn and acquire anything easily. He does not have any difficulty in learning which he wants to remember.
( ii ) Permanence of retention :- Long duration of retention is a distinguishing mark of good memory. Ability of retention helps an individual to keep his learning impression in mind for a long period of time.
(iii) Promptness and accuracy of reproduction :- A man of good memory can reproduce anything immediately without any effort.
(iv) Serviceability :- Good memory of a person finds expression through serviceability. Serviceability of our past experiences alone can help us to make effective use of memory.
Q.14. Discuss about different economic methods of memorization.
Ans :- The different economic methods of memorization are :-
( a ) Intention to reproduce :- The willingness of children to reproduce something learned improves the capacity for their memory.
( b ) Suitable method :- The teacher should select the most suitable method of memorisation in the class.
( c ) Interest :- Interest is an important factor of good memory. So the teacher should try to create interest among the students.
( d ) Rhythmic learning :- Rhythmic learning helps rote memory. Correct recitation gives us pleasure to recall the learned material.
( c ) Special practice :- For better memorisation practice period should be properly distributed and spaced.
Q.15. Supposing yourself as a school teacher, how would you help a child to develop a good memory?
Ans :- Memory can be improved through two channels :-
( a ) Favourable conditions which improve remembering.
( b ) Improved methods which enhance memory.
( a ) Favourable conditions which improve remembering:
( i ) Will to learn :- Intention to learn and concentration gives longer retention and better recall.
( ii ) Interest :- Interest is an essential condition for effective learning and memorizations.
(iii) Motivation :- Motivation facilitates learning and enhances memory.
(iv) Principle of association :- The principle of association is very helpful in remembering and recall sometimes special techniques and devices are to be used that facilitate learning and recall eg. VIBGYOR.
( v ) Rhythm :- Rhythm is an aid to memory. Rhythmic materials can easily stimulate the mind to keep its impression lively.
( vi ) Meaningfulness of material :- Meaningfulness of materials is important in effective learning and longer retention.
(vii) Rest :- Rest is an essential psycho-physical condition of learning and remembering. It can remove fatigue and boredom.
( b ) Improved methods :-
( i ) Recitation :- It is an important technique to affect the economy in memory. It means speaking and reciting to oneself.
( ii ) Whole method :- it is more economical for memory. Learning part by part makes the impression fragmentary and short lived.
( iii ) Spaced learning :- It is psychologically sound to reasonably space the learning time by giving some intervals.
( iv ) Learning by doing :- Learning by doing active learning is obviously superior to passive learning. Active learning makes the learning impression alive and active in mind for long.
( v ) Repetition and practice :- Repetition on practice strengthens the bond in learning to keep its impression for long. It utilises the image for which forgetting cannot have its impact on memory.
Q.16. Explain the term interference. How does it affect forgetting?
Ans :- Interference is a psychological condition experienced by everybody. In the opinion of S.S. Chauhan, “Retroactive inhibition means that something works backward to block something else,:” This kind of mental blocking happens when two different subjects are learnt without providing any time gap thus if one subject is learnt, immediately after learning another, a kind of mental blocking develops. When the person tries to remember the first experience, the second experience creates a shadow and becomes like an obstacle in recollection of the first. Thus retroactive inhibition is an important cause of forgetting.
Suggestion to overcome forgetting :-
( i ) Change of environment is a reliable means to remove forgetting. In the new environment one may adjust his mental power with the surrounding things and may recollect many things.
( ii ) Lack of interest is one of the vital causes of forgetting. Parents and teachers should try to create interest in students in various subjects.
( iii ) Use of medicine, regular exercises and Yogasana go a long way in overcoming forgetfulness.
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