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Class 12 Economics Chapter 12 Rural Development
Also, you can read the NCERT book Notes Class 12 Economics Chapter 12 Rural Development online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per SCERT Class 12 Economics Chapter 12 Rural Development (CBSE) Book guidelines. These solutions are part of AHSEC All Subject Solutions. Here we have given Assam Board Class 12 Economics Chapter 12 Rural Development Solutions for All Subjects, You can practice these here in Class 12 Economics Chapter 12 Rural Development.
Rural Development
Chapter: 12
PART – B
VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1. What are the two sources of rural credit for the farmers?
Ans : The two sources of rural credit for the farmers:
(a) Businessmen and Mahajans.
(b) Primary Credit Society
2. Classify rural credit on the basis of purpose.
Ans : The rural credit on the basis of purpose are :
(a) Credit for the production.
(b) Credit for the consumption
3. Classify rural credit on the basis of time.
Ans : The rural credit on the basis of time are :
(a) Short term credit
(b) Medium term credit
(c) Long term credit.
4. What are two sources of rural credit in India?
Ans : (a) Institutional sources
(b) Non-institutional sources.
5. What is multi-agency approach?
Ans : It consists of cooperatives, commercial banks and regional rural
6. What are the sources of institutional credit?
Ans : (i) Government
(ii) Commercial Banks
(iii) Rural Co-operative Societies
(iv) Regional Rural Banks
7. What are the sources of non-institutional credit?
Ans : (i) Money lenders
(ii) Traders
(iii) Relatives
(iv) Land Owners
8. What is NABARD?
Ans : National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development.
9. Write two short comings of rural credit.
Ans : (a) More credit to the big farmers
(b) Less repayment of loans.
10. Give two measures to remove the shortcoming of rural credit.
Ans : (i) Check on money lenders.
(ii) Providing long term loan.
11. What is ‘Agriculture Marketing’?
Ans : It means all those activities by which agriculture produce reaches the consumers.
12. Write the problem of agriculture marketing.
Ans : (a) More middlemen.
(b) Distress sales.
13. What is distress sale?
Ans : The sale at which the farmers are forced to sell their surplus produce to the rural money lender or traders at lower prices.
14. What is regulated market?
Ans : The market that improves the marketing of agricultural produce is known are regulated market.
15. What is agricultural diversification?
Ans : It means increase in the production of horticulture and dairy development along with the production of food grains and commercial
16. What do you mean by Bharat Nirman Yojana?
Ans : This yojana is basically to improve the rural infrastructure. It was approved on may 16, 2005.
17. What is organic farmings?
Ans : It is a natural way of farming, using manures and bio-wastes.
18. What is unproductive loans?
Ans : The loan which is not used for productive work, as expenditure incurred on marriage, customs, rituals and festivals.
B. SHORT & LONG TYPE QUESTION AND ANSWER :
1. What do you mean by rural development? Bring out the key issue in rural development.
Ans : It means improvement in the standard in living of rural people. It is a comprehensive term.
The key issues are –
(a) Do they get minimum requirements of living?
(b) What is the status of education? Is it equal to national level?
(c) Is the development of agriculture is just like other sectors?
(d) What is the standard of living of the people living in rural areas?
2. Discuss the importance of credit in rural development.
Ans : Credit for Production : In it all types of credit are included which are used for various farm activities. The farmers have credit to borrow to pay the rent on land, wages of the labourers, government tax etc. All these activity are related to production. Therefore, the credit received to meet their needs is called productive credit.
Credit for Consumption : Init the credit is received for the objectives like, of marriage and death, to repay the old debts, for the repair, construction and purchase of houses, for the litigation etc.
3. Critically evaluate the role of rural banking system in the process of rural development in India.
Ans : The roles are –
(a) These banks provide short terms and medium term loans to the farmers.
(b) These banks provide loans to the farmers to purchase seeds, fertilizers and agricultural implements.
(c) The percentage contribution of regional rural banks in credit is the lowest.
(d) There is a lack of education in rural areas. So, people use less banking facilities. People feel burden of banking system.
4. What do you mean by agricultural marketing?
Ans : It means all those activities by which agriculture produce reaches the consumers.
5. Mention some obstacles that hinder the mechanism of agriculture marketing.
Ans : Some obstacles are –
(a) More middlemen.
(b) Lack of storage facilities.
(c) Bad condition of rural transport.
(d) Lack of knowledge of the market.
6. What are the alternative channels available for agricultural marketing? Give some examples.
Ans : (a) To set up Regulated Markets, to improve the marketing of agricultural produce.
(b) Providing storage facilities. Govt. has set up Central Warehousing Corporation in 1957.
(c) Grading and Standardisation : AGMARK stamp of the department of agricultural marketing is marked or the graded goods.
(d) Govt. has set up Central Control Quality laboratory to test the quality and purity of agricultural goods.
7. Distinguish between ‘Green Revolution’ and ‘Golden Revolution’?
Ans : Green Revolution : It means large increase in agricultural production due to the use of new scientific technology in agriculture. It makes commercialization of agriculture and self-sufficient in agricultural produced.
Golden Revolution : The period between 1991-2003 is called Golden Revolution. During this period the planned investment in horticulture became highly productive. This sector emerged as a substantial alternative employment. As a result India has become the first largest producer in the production of fruits like mangoes, bananas, coconuts, cashew nuts. It has got second place in the production of fruits and vegetables.
8. Bring out the importance of animal husbandry, fisheries and horticulture as a source of diversification.
Ans : The importance of animal husbandry, fisheries and horticulture as a source of diversification are :
(a) It reduces the risks of agriculture.
(b) Rural people get two employment opportunities.
(c) It enhances the income of the rural people.
9. What is organic farming and how does it promote sustainable development?
Ans : 1st part : It is a natural way of farming, using manures and bio-wastes.
2nd part : In this farming, soil is kept alive and in good health, not by using synthetic imputes but with the use of organic wastes. It increases crop production in an eco friendly, pollution free environment. In this way, it has no adverse effect on soil and environment. Therefore, it promotes sustainable development.
10. Identify the benefits and limitations of organic farming.
Ans : Benefits :
(a) It helps in maintaining environment health and reduces pollution.
(b) It ensures optimum productivity with no demand for costly inputs.
(c) It eliminates the risk of human and animal hazards by eliminating the chances of chemical residues.
(d) It is highly cost effective as it does not involve the use of purchase inputs.
Limitations : In this system there is no use of chemical fertilizers pesticides and other mixed inputs. In fact these factors are harmful for the fertility of soil, human health, cattle wealth and environment.
11. Explain the steps taken by the government in developing rural markets.
Ans : Some steps are :
(a) Regulation of markets to create orderly and transparent marketing conditions.
(b) Provision of physical infrastructure facilities like roads, railways, warehouses, godowns, cold storage and processing units.
(c) Cooperative marketing, in releasing fair prices for farmers products is another aspect of government initiative.
(d) Another steps is the policy instruments like, assurance of minimum support prices (NSP), maintain of buffer stocks, distribution for food grains through PDS (public Distribution System) etc.
12. Explain the role of micro credit in meeting credit requirements of the poor.
Ans : It is seen that, vast proportion of poor rural households are automatically out of the credit network. The micro-credit system promote thrift in small proportions by a minimum contribution from each member. From the pooled money, credit is given to the needy members to be repayable in small instalments at reasonable interest rates.
13. Why is agriculture diversification essential for sustainable livelihoods?
Ans : Diversification towards new are areas is necessary not only to reduce the risk from agriculture sector but also to provide productive sustainable livelihood options to rural people. Much of the agricultural employment activities are concentrated in the Kharif season. But during the Rabi season, in areas where there are inadequate irrigation facilities, it becomes difficult to find gainful employment. Therefore, expansion into other sectors is essential to provide supplementary gainful employment and in releasing higher levels of income for rural people to overcome poverty and other tribulations. Hence, there is a need to focus on allied activities, non-farms employment and other emerging alternatives of livelihood, though there are many other options available for providing sustainable livelihoods in rural areas.
14. Enlist some problems faced by farmers during the initial years of organic farming.
Ans : Some of the problems are –
(a) Inadequate infrastructural facilities
(b) Problem of marketing the products.
(c) Difficulty to adopt the large scale production by the small and marginal farmers.
(d) It may also have more blemishes and a shorter shelf life than sprayed produced.
(e) Choice in production of off-season crops is quite limited.
15. “Information technology plays a very significant role in achieving sustainable development and food security” – Comment.
Ans : Govt. can predict areas of food insecurity and vulnerability using appropriate information and software tools so hataction can be taken to prevent or reduce the livelihood of an emergency.
It also has an positive impact on the agriculture sector as it can disseminate information regarding emerging technologies and its applications, prices, weather and soil conditions for growing different crops.
It also has potential of employment generation in rural areas.
Thus, from the above discussion it is believed that information technology definitely plays a very important role in achieving sustainable development and food security.
16. Explain the term ‘Golden Revolution’.
Ans : The period between 1991-2003 is called Golden Revolution. During this period the planned investment in horticulture became highly productive. This sector emerged as a substantial alternative employment. As a result India has become the first largest producer in the producer in the production of fruits like mangoes, bananas, coconuts, cashew nuts. It has got second place in the production of fruits and vegetables.
17. What is ‘Green Revolution’?
Ans : It means large increase in agricultural production due to the use of new scientific technology in agriculture. It makes commercialization of agriculture and self-sufficient in agricultural produced.
18. Bring out the importance of animal husbandry, fisheries and horticulture as a source of diversification.
Ans : (a) It reduces the risks of agriculture.
(b) Rural people get two employment opportunities.
(c) It enhances the income of the rural people.
19. Give some measures taken by government to improve agricultural marketing.
Ans : (a) To set up Regulated Markets, to improve the marketing of agricultural produce.
(b) Providing storage facilities. Govt. has set up Central Warehousing Corporation in 1957.
(c) Grading and Standardisation : AGMARK stamp of the department of agricultural marketing is marked or the graded goods.
(d) Govt. has set up Central Control Quality laboratory to test the quality and purity of agricultural goods.
20. What is ‘Support Price’?
Ans : Prices are not allowed to fall down in the stage of over production. Government announces the prices of agricultural products every year. It is called support price.
21. What is Kisan Credit Card?
Ans : The scheme was introduced in 1998-99. The main objective is to provide short term credit to the farmers. Under this scheme cards are issued to the farmers. Loan is granted on the basis of the card.
22. Discuss the role of Regulated Markets.
Ans : (a) Helps the farmers to secure reasonable prices.
(b) They reduce the margin of traders and agents.
(c) They are helpful in removing malpractice.
(d) They save the farmers from exploitation.
23. Write the role of co-operatives.
Ans : (a) Marketing and storage facilities.
(b) Control over the monopoly of money lenders.
(c) Check on unproductive expenditure.
(d) Improvement in standard of living.
(e) Save from exploitation.
24. What is Rural Indebtedness?
Ans : Indian farmers have to borrow for both productive and unproductive purpose. But, due to the higher rate of interest the farmer are not in a position to clear the debt. As a result the debt of the farmers continue to increase. According to prof. Darling, “Indian farmer is born in debt, lives in debt and dies in debt.”
24. What are the causes of rural indebtedness?
Ans : (a) Poverty
(b) Illiteracy
(c) Unproductive expenditure
(d) Inherited debt
(e) Defective agricultural marketing
(f) To make improvement on land.
(g) Litigation
29. How the problems of rural indebtedness can be solved?
Ans : (a) Settle the old debt.
(b) To waive off non-institutional debt.
(c) TO extend the govt. agencies for rural credit.
(d) Control over new loans.
(e) To encourage savings.
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