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Class 12 Economics Chapter 11 Human Capital Formation in India
Also, you can read the NCERT book Notes Class 12 Economics Chapter 11 Human Capital Formation in India online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per SCERT Class 12 Economics Chapter 11 Human Capital Formation in India (CBSE) Book guidelines. These solutions are part of AHSEC All Subject Solutions. Here we have given Assam Board Class 12 Economics Chapter 11 Human Capital Formation in India Solutions for All Subjects, You can practice these here in Class 12 Economics Chapter 11 Human Capital Formation in India.
Human Capital Formation in India
Chapter: 11
PART – B
VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1. What is human capital formation?
Ans : It is a process by which knowledge, skills and capacities of the people of the country increases.
2. What is physical capital formation?
Ans : It means increase in capital goods like machines, factories, tools etc.
3. What is meant by human development?
Ans : It is a process of widening people’s choices as well as raising the level of well being achieved.
4. Which are the two sources of human capital formation?
Ans : (a) Education, (b) Health.
5. What is capital formation?
Ans : Capital formation includes both Physical Capital and Human Capital.
6. What do you mean by economic growth?
Ans : Economic growth means increase in the real national income of period.
7. What is the use of investment in health?
Ans : It keeps labourers healthy and enable them to work for a long period.
8. What is meant by dropout rate?
Ans : Rate of leaving the education midway without completing.
9. What is referral system?
Ans : A system in medical facilities where serious problems are referred to some senior and super specialist for medical advice.
10. What is HDI?
Ans : It means Human Development Index. It is a broadly an average of social aggregates.
11. Define communicable diseases.
Ans : The diseases which are communicated from one person to another.
12. Which educational policy at +2 level was introduced in 1986?
Ans : Vocational education.
B. SHORT & LONG TYPE QUESTION AND ANSWER:
1. What are the two major sources of human capital in a country?
Ans : The two major sources of human capital in a country are:
(a) Increase in the efficiency of labourers.
(b) Improvement in the technique of the country.
2. What are the indicators of educational achievement in a country?
Ans : The indicators of educational achievement in a country are:
a) Increase in the efficiency of labourers.
b) Improvement in the technique of the country.
3. Why do we observe regional differences in educational attaintment in India?
Ans : a) Due to uneven per capita expenditure. The per capita education expenditure differs across the states.
b) Due to differences in the status of education. The status of education is higher in Punjab, Kerala, Delhi, etc. But it is lower in case of Bihar, Rajasthan, Orissa etc.
4. Bring out the differences between human capital and human development?
Ans :
(a) Human capital increases productivity, but human development increases human welfare.
(b) Human capital increases health, knowledge, skills and capacities of the people of the country. But, human development is a process of widening people’s choices as well as raising the level of well being achieved.
5. How is human development a border term as compared to human capital?
Ans : Human development considers education and health as integral to human well being. In the human development, human beings are considered ends in themselves. For example if investments in educational and health do not increase labour productivity then it is called unproductive investment. But human welfare should be increased through these investments. Therefore, human development is a border term as compared to human capital.
6. What factors contributes to human capital formation?
Ans : (a) Educational Institutions, (b) Hospitals
7. How government organisation facilitate the functioning of schools and hospitals in India?
Ans : (a) Organisations relating to education sector are-National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and University Grant Commission (UGC)
(b) Organisation relating to health sector are- Ministry of Health and All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)
8. Education is considered to be an important input for the development of a nation. How?
Ans : In the following way –
(a) It improves productivity and efficiency.
(b) It improves mental horizon of the people by which they try to improve their health status.
(c) It makes them good citizen that helps in choosing an intelligent govt.
(d) It promotes science and technology by which people have a scientific outlook.
(e) It produces skilled and trained workers.
(f) Common educated masses contribute in the development of the country.
9. How does investment in human capital contribute the growth?
Ans : Higher rate of economic growth is possible only through human capital. In fact there are two main sources of human capital – Education and Health.
(a) Role of Education in Economic Growth: Investment in education leads the higher economic growth rate. Educated person can contribute the economic growth more than that of an uneducated person.
(b) Role of Health in Economic Growth: Investment in health is also an important source of human capital formation. It keeps labourers healthy and enables them to work for a long period.
In this way, both education and health increase the income capacity of a person. It creates human capital formation, which further leads to higher economic growth rate.
10. Bring out the need for on the job training for a person.
Ans : It increase the efficiency of a person which enhances the productivity. As a result the profitability of the industry increases in which he works.
11. Discuss the need for promoting women’s education in India.
Ans : The India the women is backward from the beginning. Due to the man dominating society less attention has been paid towards woman education. But now a days equal opportunities are provided to the woman. At this stage government is also promoting woman education. Free education and scholarships are provided to the girls.
12. Argue in favour of the need for different form of government intervention in education and health sectors.
Ans : Govt. has fixed the following targets in education after the intervation –
(a) A target for providing free elementary education has been fixed.
(b) It is proposed to bring quality improvement in education right from primary education to university level.
(c) The planning commission has fixed target to increase the enrolment of students.
Again, in health sector, Govt. has taken the following steps after intervention –
(a) Improvement in the quality of services and effective programmes to control diseases.
(b) Establishment of health university.
(c) Special attention towards proper health due to environment pollution.
13. What are the main problems of human capital formation in India?
Ans : The main problems of human capital formation in India are –
(a) Un-balanced development.
(b) Wastage of resources.
(c) Examination oriented education system.
(d) Expensive higher education system.
(e) Lack of funds.
(f) Neglects Indian languages.
(g) Uneven distribution of medical facilities.
(h) Mismatch between infrastructure and trained personnel.
(i) Lack of appropriate referral system.
(j) Poor sanitary conditions.
14. Discuss the following a source of human capital formation.
(i) Health Infrastructure
(ii) Expenditure on migration
Ans : (i) Health infrastructure is an important source of human capital formation. Preventive medicines (vaccination), curative medicine (medical intervention during illness), social medicine (spread of health literacy) and provision of clean drinking water and good sanitation are the various forms of health infrastructures. It directly increases the supply of healthy labour force and is, thus, a source of human capital formation.
(ii) People migrate in search of jobs that fetch them higher salaries than what they may get in their native places. Migration involves cost of transport, higher cost of living in the migrated places and psychic costs of living in a strange socio-culture setup. The enhanced earnings in the new place out might the costs of migration, hence, expenditure on migration is also a source of human capital formation.
15. What do you mean by AYUSH?
Ans : Six systems of Indian medicines are included in it. They are – Ayurveda, Yoga, Unania, Sidha, Naturopathy and Homeopathy.
16. What are the indicators of educational achievement in a country?
Ans : (a) Increase in the efficiency of labourers.
(b) Improvement in the technique of the country.
17. What factors contributes to human capital formation?
Ans : (a) Educational Institutions, (b) Hospitals
18. Mention two govt. organisations each that regulate the health and education sectors.
Ans : (a) Organisations relating to education sector are – National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and University Grant Commission (UGC)
(b) Organisation relating to health sector are – Ministry of Health and All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)
19. Distinguish between human capital and human development?
Ans : (a) Human capital increases productivity, but human development increases human welfare.
(b) Human capital increases health, knowledge, skills and capacities of the people of the country. But, human development is a process of widening people’s choices as well as raising the level of well being achieved.
20. What are the components of HDI?
Ans : The three components are –
(a) Life Expectancy ( Average Age)
(b) Knowledge (Literacy)
(c) Per-capital Income (Standard of Living)
21. How is human development a border term as compared to human capital?
Ans : Human development considers education and health as integral to human well being. In the human development, human beings are considered ends in themselves. For example if investments in educational and health do not increase labour productivity then it is called unproductive investment. But human welfare should be increased through these investments. Therefore, human development is a border term as compared to human capital.
22. Write the role or importance of human capital formation in economic development.
Ans : (a) Invention of National Resources.
(b) Optimum use of resources.
(c) Improvement in technique of production.
(d) Increase in production.
(e) Increase in demand.
(f) Higher economic growth rate.
23. Write the problems of educational system.
Ans : (a) Un-balanced development.
(b) Wastage of resources.
(c) Examination oriented education system.
(d) Expensive higher education system.
(e) Lack of funds.
(f) Neglects Indian languages.
24. Write the problems of health system.
Ans : (a) Uneven distribution of medical facilities.
(b) Mismatch between infrastructure and trained personnel.
(c) Lack of appropriate referral system.
(d) Poor sanitary conditions.
25. Give some govt. efforts to produce education.
Ans : (a) Introduction of vocational education.
(b) To set up new institutions, like National Institute of Open School (NIOS)
(c) Increase of expenditure on education.
(d) Free education to girls.
(e) Establishment of research center for promotion of higher education.
26. Give some govt. efforts to promote health.
Ans : (a) Control over communicable diseases.
(b) Health care Institution in rural areas.
(c) Health Nutrition Programme.
(d) Growth of Hospitals and Dispensaries.
(e) Growth of medical education and research.
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