Class 12 Biology Important Chapter 11 Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

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Class 12 Biology Important Chapter 11 Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

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Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

Chapter: 11

IMPORTANT QUESTION AND ANSWER

Answer the Following Question: 

1. What are recombinant DNA molecules?

Ans: Recombinant DNA molecules are artificially created DNA that contains sequences from different sources.

2. What is the role of restriction enzymes in biotechnology?

Ans: Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences, enabling the manipulation of DNA during genetic engineering.

3. What is PCR?

Ans: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique used to amplify a specific segment of DNA, making millions of copies in a short time.

4. What are the functions of cloning vectors?

Ans: Cloning vectors carry foreign DNA into a host organism for replication and expression.

5. What is an example of a commonly used cloning vector?

Ans: Plasmids are commonly used cloning vectors.

6. What is a bioreactor used for in biotechnology?

Ans: A bioreactor is used to grow and cultivate microorganisms or cells for large-scale production of products like proteins or enzymes.

7. What is gene therapy?

Ans: Gene therapy is the insertion of a functional gene into a patient’s cells to treat or prevent diseases caused by defective genes.

8. What is the role of restriction enzymes in recombinant DNA technology?

Ans: Restriction enzymes, also known as molecular scissors, are used to cut DNA at specific sequences, called recognition sites. These enzymes create sticky ends or blunt ends, which are essential for joining the foreign DNA with vectors. For example, EcoRI cuts DNA at the sequence GAATTC. These enzymes allow the isolation and manipulation of specific genes from a genome.

9. Describe the process of gene cloning using plasmids.

Ans: Gene cloning using plasmids involves several steps:

(i) Isolation of gene of interest: The gene is isolated from the donor organism using restriction enzymes.

(ii) Insertion into plasmid: The gene is inserted into a plasmid vector using DNA ligase. The plasmid now carries the foreign gene.

(iii) Transformation: The recombinant plasmid is introduced into a competent host cell (usually E. coli) through methods like heat shock or electroporation.

(iv) Selection: The host cells containing the recombinant plasmid are selected using selectable markers (e.g., antibiotic resistance).

(v) Expression: The host cell multiplies and expresses the foreign gene, leading to the production of the desired protein.

10. What is downstream processing in biotechnology?

Ans: Downstream processing refers to the series of processes involved in extracting, purifying, and formulating the product obtained from biotechnological production.

Steps include:

(i) Separation of the product from the culture medium.

(ii) Purification using techniques like chromatography.

(iii) Formulation into a usable form (e.g., liquid, powder).

(iv) Quality control to ensure the product meets standards.

It is a critical step in producing pure and safe biotechnological products.

11. What is the significance of competent host cells in recombinant DNA technology?

Ans: Competent host cells are bacterial or eukaryotic cells that can take up foreign DNA from their surroundings. They are made competent by treatments like heat shock, electroporation, or chemical treatment with CaCl₂.

Significance: These cells can incorporate the recombinant DNA into their genome, allowing for the production of proteins or the multiplication of the foreign gene.

Common hosts: E. coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, etc.