Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health Solutions to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse through different chapters Assam Board HS 2nd Year Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health Question Answer.
Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health
Also, you can read the AHSEC book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per AHSEC (CBSE) Book guidelines. These solutions are part of AHSEC All Subject Solutions. Here we have given Assam Board Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health Solutions for All Subjects, You can practice these here.
Reproductive Health
Chapter – 4
REPRODUCTIONS
Very Short Answer Type Questions
Q.1. _____ is the upper limit up to which environment can sustain population.
Ans : Carrying capacity.
Q.2. Rapid increase in human population is called ____
Ans : Population explosion.
Q.3. Vasectomy is the surgical removal of______
Ans : Vas deferens.
Q.4. Viability period of human ovum is ___
Ans : 72 hours.
Q.5. A darkly stained body present in the somatic cells of human female but absent from those of human male is ____
Ans : A coloured gene.
Q.6. ____ involves the transfer of embryo at 8 called stage in the Fallopian tube of female.
Ans : Zygote intra fallopian transfer.
Q.7. ___ is an illegal method of foetal sex determination based on chromosomal study of the amniotic fulid.
Ans : Amniocentesis.
(B). True or False (one mark each):
Q.1. Test Tube baby technique involves artificial insemination.
Ans : False.
Q.2. In India, medical termination of pregnancy (abortion) was legalized in 1971.
Ans : False.
Q.3. Creating awareness about sex related aspects is an effective method to improve reproductive health of the people.
Ans : True.
Q.4. All sexually transmitted diseases are completely curable.
Ans : False.
Q.5. Test tube baby programme is a type of in vitro fertilization.
Ans : True.
(C). Very Short Answer Questions :
Q.1. Name a prenatal technique to diagnose genetic defects in a fetus.
Ans : Pedigree analysis.
Q.2. In which year Family Planning programme in India was initiated?
Ans : 1951.
Q.3. Give the WHO’s definition of reproductive health.
Ans : According to the World Health Organisation (WHO) reproductive health means a total well being in all aspects of reproduction, i.e. physical, emotional, behavioural and social.
Q.4. Give the full form of IUD.
Ans : Intra Uterine Device.
Q.5. What substances are present in birth control pills?
Ans : Birth control pills contains very small amount of either progesteron 5. or progesterone on estrogen combination.
Q.6. What is tubectomy?
Ans : This is a surgical method also known as sterilisation, a method to prevent pregnancy where a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina.
Q.7. Give two primary reasons for increase in human population.
Ans : The two primary reason for increasing in human population are :
(i) Increased health facilities along with better health condition.
(ii) Increase in number of people in reproducible age.
Q.8. Give full form of MTP.
Ans : Medical Termination of pregnancy. List one drawback of surgical methods of birth control.
Ans : One drawback of surgical methods of birth control is that in this process there is no chance to get pregnant as it is a terminate method.
(D) Short Answer Questions (Two Mark Each):
Q.1. Define population explosion.
Ans : The rapid increase in the growth rate of population is known as population explosion.
Q.2. State the major objectives of Reproductive and Child Health Care programme.
Ans : The major objective of Reproductive and Child Health Care Programme is creating awareness among people about various reproduction related aspects and providing facilities and support for building up a reproductively healthy society.
Q.3. Why has amniocentesis been banned?
Ans : Amniocentesis has been banned because it is a foetal sex determination test to legally check increasing female foeticides.
Q.4. What do you mean by reproductive health?
Ans : Reproductive health simply refers to healthy reproductive organs with normal functions. It also includes the emotional and social aspects of reproduction also.
According to the World Health Organisation, reproductive health means a total well-being in all aspects of reproduction i.e. Physical, emotional behavioural and social.
Q.5. How does Cu-T act as an effective contraceptive for human female?
Ans : This is an effective and popular method of Intra Uterine Device. These IUDs are inserted in the uterus through vagina. The copper releasing IUD CUD-T increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus and the Cu-ion released suppress sperm motility and the fertilizing capacity of the sperms.
Q.6. Name the hormonal composition of the oral contraceptive used by human females. Explain how does it act as a contraceptive.
Ans : Oral contraceptives used by human female contain small doses of either progestogen or progestogen-estrogen combination.
The hormones used in these contraceptives inhibit ovulation and implantation as well as alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent or retard entry of sperms.
Q.7. Write a note on MTP.
Ans : Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term is called medical termination of pregnancy or induced abortion. Nearly 45 to 50 million MTPS are performed in a year all over the world MTP has a significant role in decreasing the population through it is not meant for that purpose Government of India legalised MTP in 1971 with some strict conditions to avoid its misuse like indiscriminate and illegal female foeticides.
Q.8. Describe the chemical method of birth control.
Ans : The chemical method of birth control in the hormone releasing IUDS like progestasert, LNG-20. There IDUS make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms.
Q.9. Differentiate tubectomy and Vasectomy.
Ans :
| Tubectomy | Vasectomy | ||
| (i) | This is the surgical method of sterilization in females. | (i) | This is the surgical method of sterilization in males. |
| (ii) | Here a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina. | (ii) | Here a small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scrotum. |
Q.10. What is meant by natural methods of birth control?
Ans : Natural method of birth control involves periodic abstinence. This method depends on the principle of avoiding chances of ovum and sperms meeting. Here the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected as chances of fertilization are very high during this period i.e. fertile period. Therefore, by abstaining from coitus during this period, conception could be prevented. Besides this withdrawal or coitus interruption is another method where the male partner withdraws his penis just before ejaculation from the vagina.
Q.11. What is implants? How do they help in preventing fertilization?
Ans : Implant is using of progesterone alone or in combination with estrogen by the female under the skin.
The mode of action of the implants are some with that of pills and their effective periods are much longer. Administration of progestogen or progestogen-estrogen combination within 72 hours of coitus have been found to be very effective as emergency contraceptive as they could be used to avoid possible pregnency due to rape of casual unprotected intercourse.
(E). Short Answer Question (Three Marks Each) :
Q.1. The present level of population growth in india is a matter of concern. Mention some ways to check it.
Ans : Some ways to check population growth are :
(i) To motivate smaller families by using various contraceptive methods.
(ii) Raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and that of males to 21 years.
(iii) Incentive give with small families by the Government.
Q.2. Suggest the reproduction related aspects in which counseling should be provided at the school level.
Ans : It is very much essential to give reproduction related aspects at school level because it provides right information about reproductive organs, adolescence and related changes, safe and hygienic sexual practices- sexually transmitted diseases (STD) AIDS etc. would help people especially those in the adolescent age group to lead a reproductively healthy life. This also provides right information to the young misconceptions about sex related aspects. So sex education should be introduced at school levels.
Q.3. What do you understand by STD. Name the STD in man, How can they be prevented?
Ans : Diseases or infections which are transmitted though sexual intercourse are collectively called sexually transmitted disease.
Three STD in man are :
(i) Gonorrhoea : Spread by sexual contact with infected persons.
(ii) Syphilis : It can spread from mother to foetus.
(iii) Trichomoniasis : It is spreading from vagina to the males at the time of intercourse.
Preventive measures of STDS :
(i) Avoid sex with unknown partners.
(i) Always use condom during intercourse or coitus.
(iii) Consult a qualified doctor for early detection and treatment, in case of doubt.
Q.4. Write a short note on test tube baby.
Ans : The technique of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and in vitro development followed by the embryo transfer (ET) in the uterus of the normal female to start the development and finally leading to normal birth is called test tube baby.
It involves the following steps :
(a) Removal of unfertilized ovum from the reproductive tract of a female.
(b) Ovum is kept under aseptic conditions.
(c) Fusion of sperm and ovum in a culture medium, outside the female body, to form zygote.
(d) Zygote is stimulated to develop in vitro upto 32 celled stage.
(e) Developing embryo is implanted on the endometrium of the uterus at 32 celled stage. So the pregnancy in the woman starts and further development of the child continues in the womb till it is born.
Significance:
(i) It is a boon to infertile mother.
(ii) It can be used for men with oligospermia (low sperm count).
(iii) Old superior female can denote the egg or ovum.
(iv) Embryos can be frozen and preserved for about 10 years.
| Sl. No. | CONTENTS |
| Chapter 1 | Reproduction in Organisms |
| Chapter 2 | Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants |
| Chapter 3 | Human Reproduction |
| Chapter 4 | Reproductive Health |
| Chapter 5 | Principles of Inheritance and Variation |
| Chapter 6 | Molecular Basis of Inheritance |
| Chapter 7 | Evolution |
| Chapter 8 | Human Health and Disease |
| Chapter 9 | Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production |
| Chapter 10 | Microbes in Human Welfare |
| Chapter 11 | Biotechnology: Principles And Processes |
| Chapter 12 | Biotechnology and its Applications |
| Chapter 13 | Organisms and Populations |
| Chapter 14 | Ecosystem |
| Chapter 15 | Biodiversity and Conservation |
| Chapter 16 | Bioresources of Assam |
| Chapter 17 | Environmental Issues |
Q.5.Write note on barrier method of birth control.
Ans : Barrier method prevent the contact of sprm and ovum physically and these are of following types :
(a) Condom : These are rubber or Latex sheaths which are put on penis before copulation. It is commonly called as Nirodh’. It prevents the deposition of sperms in the vagina and also prevent the spreading of STDS and AIDS.
Female condom is also introduced in India which was used in USA, Brazil, South America etc. earlier.
(b) Cervical Cap : These are made by rubber and are filled in vagina to check the entry of sperm which are reusable.
(c) Intrauterine device : These are of copper T and loops which are filled in the uterus and prevent the fertilization of the egg.
Q.6. Why medical termination of pregnancy is done.
Ans : Nearly 45-50 million pregnancies are performed in a year all over the world. MTP or medical termination of pregnancy has a significant role in decreasing the population though it is not legally accepted. MTP was legalised in 1971 to decrease the population size. It is meant to get rid of unwanted or accidental pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or failure of contraceptive used during the intercourse or rapes. It is essential to protect the mothers health where continuous pregnancy is found to occur.
Q.7. Briefly describe gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT) technique.
Ans : GIFT or Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer technique is employed for the females with prolonged sterility but having at least one patent fallopian tube. This is especially useful where the fimbriae fails to capture the ovum or the females having sperms antibodies in their cervical secretions. It involves the transfer of mashed sperms and harvested ova to the ampulla of the fallopian tube with the help of a laparoscope. Fertilization and cleavage occur in the fallopian tube.
(F) Long Answer Question (Five Marks Each) :
Q.1. What are the programmes listed under the maternity and child health and family planning.
Ans : Maternity, child health and family planning are included under the programme Reproductive and child health which create awareness among people alert various reproduction related aspects and provides facilities and support for building up a reproductive healthy society.
Government as well as many non governmental agencies with the aid of audio-visual and print media have taken various steps to create awareness among the reproduction related aspects. Introduction of sex education in school should also be encouraged and to remove the misconceptions and myths about sex related aspects.
Some special programmes have introduced like ban of amniocentesis, immunization against polio, measles etc.
Q.2. Why is the development of a rational outlook on birth control necessary in India today? Write about the different methods of birth control?
Ans : Birth control in India is very much essential which lead to an absolute scarcity of the basic needs i.e. food, shelter and clothing.
To get rid of unexpected pregnancy several birth control method or techniques have been introduced and they are discussed below:
(a) Natural or Traditional Method :
(i) To Abstain : It involves refraining from coital activity.
(ii) Coitus Interruptus : It involves the withdrawing penis by male before ejaculation.
(iii) Rhythm Period : A weak before and a weak after the menstrual phase is considered to be safe periods for sexual intercourse.
(iv) Lactation Period : During Lactation period female has not chance of conception.
(b) Surgical Method :
(i) Male Sterilization : Contraction or removal of testis or cutting of vas deferens (sperm carrying duct) called vasectomy are common method.
(ii) Female Sterilization It includes ovariectomy (removal of ovaries), Tubectomy (Cutting of Fallopian Tubes) and Tubal ligation (blocking of Fallopian tubes by laparoscopy.
(c) Chemical Method :
(i) Spermicidal ; Tablets, jellies, paste or creams are introduced in the vagina before coital activity which kill the sperms.
(ii) Oral Devices : Birth control pills contains synthetic progestin which D. (Daily), Saheli (weekly)
(d) Mechanical Barrier Method :
(i) Condoms : These are rubber or latex sheaths which are put on penis before intercourse. Now a days female condom is also introduced to prevent the physical contact of sperms and ovum.
(ii) Diaphragm and Cervical Cap : These are also made by rubbers and fitted in vagina of female to avoid the entry of sperms into uterus.
(iii) Intrauterine Devices : These include copper-T and loops which are fitted in the uterus and prevent the fertilization of the egg.
Q.3. Define assisted reproductive technologies. Explain various special techniques used in assisted reproductive technology.
Ans : Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) which include the following techniques :
(i) Test Tube Baby : The technique of in vitro fertilization and in vitro development followed by the embryo transfer in the uterus of the normal female to start the development and finally leading to normal birth, is called test tube baby.
(ii) GIFT : Gamete intra fallopian transfer is the technique which is employed for females with prolonged sterility but having at least one patent fallopian tube. It involves the transfer of washed sperms and harvested ova to the ampulla of the fallopian tube with the help of a laparoscope.
(iii) ICSI : Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection is the technique, where sperm is directly injected into the ovum in culture medium in the lab and then zygote or embryo is transferred in the fallopian tube or uterus of the female.
(iv) AI : Artificial insemination is the technique where semens of the male partners are collected, concentrated and finally introduced into the vagaina artificially.
Q.4. Describe any five suitable reason to justify the introduction of sex-education among school-going children.
Ans : Sex education is very much essential and benificial because of the following reasons :
(a) The children will be discouraged from myths and misconception about sex and sexuality.
(b) Proper knowledge of reproductive organs, sexual behaviours.
(c) To know about sexual abuse and sex related crime.
(d) To stop the spreading sexually transmitted diseases like AIDS.
(e) To have a responsible, safe and satisfying sex life.
Q.5. Discuss how problems of infertility can be addressed?
Ans : Infertility is the inability to conceive or produce children even after two years of unprotected sexual cohabitation.
During the last one decade, great effort has been directed to diagnosis and corrective Treatment of some of these disorders. Now Assisted Reproductive technology (ART) which include the following techniques
(a) Test tube baby : The technique of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and in vitro development followed by the embryo Transfer (ET) in the uterus of the normal female to start the development and finally leading to normal birth is called test tube baby.
(i) It is boon to intertile mothers.
(ii) It is used for men with oligospermia.
(b) Gamete intra-Fallopian Transfer (GIFT): This technique is employed for the females with prolonged sterility but having at least one patent fallopian tube. This is especially useful where the fimbriae fail to capture the ovum or the females having sperm antibodies in their cervical secretion. It involves the transfer of washed sperms and harvested ova to apula of the fallopian tube with the help of a laparoscope. Fertilization and cleavage occur in the fallopian tube.
(c) the Intra- cytoplasmic sperm Injection (ICSI): In this technique, sperm is directly injected the oven in culture medium in the lab and then zygote or embryo is transferred in the fallopian tube or uterus of the female.
(d) AI (Artificial Insemination) : This technique is followed when either the male partner fails to inseminate or suffer from oligospermia. In this technique, semen of the male partner is collected, concentrated and finally introduced in the vagina of the female. If the collected semen is in troduced into uterus of the female, then it is called intra-uterine insemination (IIUI). If the donor of the semen is husband, then it is called artificial insemination husband (AIH).
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