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Class 11 Environment Chapter 3 Biodiversity and its Conservation
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Biodiversity and its Conservation
UNIT – 3
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Textual Questions and Answers
1. Define the term biodiversity.
Ans: Biodiversity is considered as the degree of variety in nature and not the nature itself. It also means the variety and variability of all animals. plants and micro organism is called biodiversity.
2. Explain with suitable examples – genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity.
Ans: Genetic biodiversity: This is the diversity of genes within a species, which are passed down the generations. It is this type of diversity that gives rise to the varieties of species. For example, basmati rice is distance from joha rice. Some variations are easy to see, such as size or colour. Taste or flavour can be perceived by other senses.
Species biodiversity: Species is the unit used to classify the millions of life forms on earth. Each species is distinct form every other species. Horses and donkeys are distance species, as are lions and tigers. What units members of a species is the fact that they are genetically so similar that they can reproduce fertile offspring. Species diversity is usually measured in terms of the total number of species within a defined area.
Ecosystem biodiversity: An ecosystem is a set of life forms (plants, animals microorganisms) interacting with one another and with non-living elements (Soil, air, water minerals etc.) Ecosystem diversity is therefore the diversity of habitats which include the different life forms within. It is also used to refer to the variety of ecosystems found within a biogeographical or political boundary.
3. What are value of biodiversity?
Ans: The earth has an enormous variety of plants and animals, both domesticated and wild, as also a wide array of habitats and ecosystems This diversity meets the food, medicinal, clothing, shelter, spiritual as well as the recreational needs of millions of people around the world. It also ensures that ecological functions such as the supply of clean water, nutrient cycling and soil protection are maintained. In fact, biodiversity loss would mean a threat to the survival of the human race itself.
4. What is consumptive value?
Ans: We have noticed that biodiversity products like fuel, food, drugs, fibers etc. have been used by man from time immemorial About 90 percent of the world’s food comes from plant species. Genetic diversity is important in breeding corps and livestock. Crop broeders need a diversity of crop varieties in order to breed new varieties that resist evolving pests und disease. The loss of diversity in crop species has severe implications for global food security. A single pest invasion or disease could wipe out all standing crop or a particular livestock. About 80 per cent of the people in developing countries depend for primary healthcare on traditional medicine, most of which are derived from plants, and some from animal and mineral sources. We get penicillin used as antibiotic form a fungus called penicillium. Similarly we get tetracycline from a bacterium, aspirin from the plant Filipendulaulmaria, and quinine from the bark of cinchona tree. The fuel wood, fossil fuels (like coal, petroleum) natural gas, minerals etc. have been used by all of us.
5. What is productive value?
Ans: These are the commercial products manufactured or prepared from the different resources of biodiversity. Even today a large number of traditional communities depend wholly or partially, on the surrounding natural resources for their daily needs or food, shelter, clothing, household goods, medicines, fertilizers and entertainment. The tusks of elephants, silk from silk worm, wool from sheep, lac from lac insect are obtained from animal diversity. Many industries depend largely on plant materials eg. paper and pulp industry, sugar industry, plywood industry, railway sleeper etc.
6. What are major threats to biodiversity?
Ans: Extinction or elimination of species is a natural process of volution. But in the recent past, the elimination of innumerable species has been talked about in different national and international forums. The changing attitude of human society to the environment in general and biodiversity in particular has reached such a level that the conservation of Biodiversity has become a great challenge.
There have been threats to biodiversity from different angles such as
(a) Habitat destruction
(b) Overgrazing
(c) Poaching
(d) Natural calamities
(e) Climate change and global warming
(f) Biopiracy
7. What are ex-situ and in-situ conservation of biodiversity? Give examples of each.
Ans: Ex-situ conservation: Ex-situ conservation is the conservation of plants and animals away from their natural habitat. This could be in zoological parks and botanical gardens or through the forestry institutions and agricultural research centres. A lot of effort is under way to collect and preserve the genetic material of crops, animal, bird, and fish species. This work is being done by institutions such as the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, the National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, etc.
In-situ conservation: In-situ conservation is conservation of wild species of flora and fauna in their natural habitat i.e. on site preservation. eg.biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, reserve forests etc. India has long tradition of such conservation. It has continued this through the establishment of a network of protected areas throughout the country. Today India has over 5333 national parks and sanctuaries. These protected areas cover about 4.5 percent of the country territory and have helped in conserving habitats and their biodiversity. Several special projects have also been launched to save certain animal species which have been identified as needing concerted protection efforts. Assam has now 5 national parks and 22 wildlife sanctuaries, Kaziranga National Park and pobitora wildlife sanctuary are involved in the protection of the Asiatic Rhino, Kaziranga is also the home of swamp deer,hog deer and elephants. The biosphere reserve, Manes National Park is the home of the golden langer and the pigmy hog.
8. What is biopiracy?
Ans: Biopiracy is a kind of procurement of biological resources from a country or a place and the subsequent potentisation of their products. The indigenous people of some countries are the treasure house of knowledge and beliefs. Agents of some companies or other middle persons collect their knowledge and valuable living materials and subsequently proceed for potentisation on their own. Thus through unethical means. they acquire rights to marketing these products. A number of such cases) are found to occur in different countries. Biopiracy of certain high valued bioresources has been a major threat to biodiversity.
9. Mention two conservation strategies in our country.
Ans: Two conservation strategies in our country are:
(i) In-situ conservation: Kaziranga National Park in Assam important for one homed Rhino.
(ii) Ex-situ conservation National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi.
10. In which year the Earth Summit was held?
Ans: The Earth Summit was held in 1982.
VERY SHORT TYPES QUESTION & ANSWER MARKS:
1. Into how many types can we divide natural resources?
Ans: We can divide natural resources into two types.
They are:
(i) Exhaustible and
(ii) Inexhaustible resources.
2. Into how many types can we divide exhaustible resources?
Ans: We can divide exhaustible resources into two types.
They are:
(i) renewable and
(ii) non-renewable resource.
3. What are the main aims of soil conservation?
Ans: The main aims of soil conservation are:
(i) To protect the soil from erosion.
(ii) To maintain the productivity of the soil.
4. Mention some uses of natural vegetation?
Ans: Vegetation cover prevents soil erosion, retains soil water, reduces the impact of blood and helps in maintaining natural balance between biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere and preserves species of plant in their natural habitats.
5. Define soil erosion..
Ans: Soil erosion is a natural process by which soil is removed from rocks.
6. What is afforestation and reforestation?
Ans: Afforestation means growing forests at fallow lands and reforestation means replanting of forests at places where they have been destroyed by excessive felling, looping or by forest fires.
7. What is the full form of NGO?
Ans: Non-Governmental Organisation.
8. Define Wildlife.
Ans: The term wildlife is referred to represent the non-domesticated animals living in a natural habitat. But in its widest sense “wildlife’ refers to all flora and fauna of the natural habitat.
9. How many wildlife sanctuaries are there in India today?
Ans: There are 421 wildlife sanctuaries in India today.
10. Name two wildlife sanctuaries of Assam.
Ans: Pobiera and Manas.
11. How many national parks and biosphere reserves are there in India?
Ans: In India there are 75 national parks and 14 biosphere reserves.
12. Name two National Parks.
Ans: Gir National Park and Kaziranga National Park.
13. Name two biosphere reserves.
Ans: Nokrek-Tura Range and Kaziranga and Manas biosphere reserves in Assam.
14. How many Rhinoceroses are there in Kaziranga according to 1999 census?
Ans: There are about 1552 Rhinoceroses in Kaziranga according to 1999 census.
15. Which wildlife sanctuary is known as Rhino sanctuary?
Ans: Kaziranga wildlife sanctuary of Assam.
16. When do we observe wildlife week every year?
Ans: We observe wildlife week every year from 1st October to 8th October.
SHORT & LONG TYPES QUESTION & ANSWER MARKS:
1. What is Hot spot of biodiversity
Ans: Hot spot of biodiversity means the area which exhibit high species richness as well as high species endemism. Hot spot biodiversity was introduced in 1988 by Myers. There are 25 such hot spot of bio diversity on a global level. These hot spot covering 2% of the world land area. These are the areas of high diversity, endemism and are also threatened by human activities. Two of these hot spot lie in India which are not only rich of floral wealth and endemic species of plants but also replies, swallend butterflies and mammals etc.
2. What are the couses of threats to biodiversity
Ans: Following are the threats to biodiversty.
(i) Due to poverty people destroy forest resources to fulfil their needs like firewood which is highly responsible for loss of bio diversity.
(ii) Different types of pollution caused by mining is responsible for loss of biodiversity.
(iii) Bio diversity is also threated to set up industries like plywood industry, firewood industry, timber industry etc. These industries collects their needed materials from the forest to their profit which occur deforestation and loss the bio diversity.
(iv) Due to unavailability of food oof elephants which caused due to cultivate paddy, sugar cane etc. by the forest department within the sanctuaries are harms the bio diversity.
Now a days man has begin to misuse the natural ecosystems. They begin to unsustainable use of natural resources which turned productive forests and grassland into deserts and wasteland have increased all over the world. Forests have been cleared for fuel wood, for farming for increasing need of agricultural land etc. which has led to a decrease in the habitat essential for the breading of marine fish. Much of the mega extinction spasm is related to human population growth, industrialization and changes in land use patterns. A major part of these occurs ib bio rich areas. Tropical forests wetland and coral reefs etc are the major parts of these extinctions. Due to rapid growth of population and short term economic development cause the Iss of habitants of the wild lives. All these are the cause of bio diversity which also considered as the threats to biodiversity.
3. What is bio dversity?
Ans: Biodiversity: Biodiversity is considered as the degree of variety in nature and not the nature itself. It also means the variety and variability of all animals, plants and micro organism is called biodiversity.
4. Write the differences between the following:
Ans: Ex-situ and in situ conservation: Ex-situ and in situ are two basic approaches to conservation of biodiversity.
The ex-situ implies the conservation of the species outside its habitat. It includes the use of botanical gardens and arboreta on the one hand and genebank on the other.
On the other hand the in situ approach implies the conservation of speces at its own habitat, t is applied mainly to wild species related to crop plant, to forest and pasture species.
5. What is an aquatic ecosystem?
Ans: An aquatic ecosystem: An aquatic ecosystem is called the ecosystem that closely connected with the water.
There are two type of ecosystem:
(i) Fresh water ecosystem which divided into pond ecosystem, river ecosystem, lake ecosystem and a estuary ecosystem etc. and
(ii) Marine ecosystem.
6. Why the North Eastern region of India is considered as the bio diversity hot spot region?
Ans: Hot spot of bio diversity is an area which exhibit high species richness as well as high species endemism. The high hot spot is introduced by myers. There are twenty five hot spot bio diversity on a global level. There are two such bio diversity in India. They are Eastern Himalaya and Western Ghat.
In north easter region of India there are varieties of pants such as food plants, fibre plants timber plants, beverage plants, drug plants, oil yielding plants, rubber, sugar etc.
There are also varieties of animals in north eastern region of India. These includes species are Tortoises chameleon, Snakes, Cobra, Python, Eagle, Purple Heron,Cuckoos, Spotted dove Koel,Myna, Weaver birds, Jungle crow, Goose etc.
7. Write about the necessary to conserve biodiversity
Ans: Necessary to conserve biodiversity: Bio- diversity is very important for all the living beings in the world and it is the degree of variety in nature and not nature itself.
Following are the necessity to conserve biodiversity:
(i) Most of the drugs and medicine extracted from plants and almost 75% of population of word depends upon drugs and medicine. Thus to produce drugs and medicine for preservation of Life of people conservation of biodiversity is very necessary.
(ii) To develop new hardy strains, to use of existing wild species of plants and to consume a large number of wild plants and animals as food by human beings conservation of biodiversity is necessary.
(iii) Biodiversity provides benefits without any reference to conservation such as education recreation conservation of biodiversity is very necessary. Because bio dversity has great impact on social values.
(iv) Bio dversty is always full with wild green resources if we conserve t and we can able to product various things. These produces are collected and sold in national and international market.
8. Writs on the threats to bio diversity.
Ans: Following are the threats to biodiversity.
(i) Due to poverty people destroy forest resources to fulfil their needs like firewood which is highly responsible for loss of bio diversity.
(ii) Different types of pollution caused by mining is responsible for loss of biodiversity.
(iii) Bio diversity is also threated to set up industries like plywood industry, firewood industry, timber industry etc. These industries collects their needed materials from the forest to their profit which occur deforestation and loss the bio diversity.
(iv) Due to unavailability of food oof elephants which caused due to cultivate paddy, sugar cane etc. by the forest department within the sanctuaries are harms the biodiversity.
Now a days man has begin to misuse the natural ecosystems. They begin to unsustainable use of natural resources which turned productive forests and grassland into deserts and wasteland have increased all over the world. Forests have been cleared for fuel wood, for farming for increasing need of agricultural land etc. which has led to a decrease in the habitat essential for the breading of marine fish. Much of the mega extinction spasm is related to human population growth, industrialization and changes in land use patterns. A major part of these occurs ib bio rich areas. Tropical forests wetland and coral reefs etc are the major parts of these extinctions. Due to rapid growth of population and short term economic development cause the Iss of habitants of the wild lives. All these are the cause of bio diversity which also considered as the threats to biodiversity.
9. What is meant by energy flow in ecosystem? Explain it with an example.
Ans: The energy from the sunlight is converted by the plants themselves into growing new plants materias. Leaves of trees, flowers, fruits, trunks brunches, roots etc of plants are the plants materials which formed through sunlight. Because the energy circle is based on the flow of energy through the ecosystem. Plants are known as producer in the ecosystem because plants can grow by conservating the sun’s energy into their tissues directly. Different plants and animals are linked to one another through food chain. Each plants or animals can be linked to several plants or animals. Those interlinked chains can be depicted as food web.
In the ecosystem the energy can be depicted in the form of a energy pyramid. It also known as food pyramid which has a large base of producer or plants. These are two types of consumers. One is first order consumers and the second one is second order consumers. The pyramid has a narrower middle section that depicts the number and biomass of herbivorous animals are first order consumers and the apex depicts the small biomass of carnivorous animals are the second order consumers.
The materials are returned to the soil when plants and animals are die. Plants can absorb the nutrients through their roots.
10. What are the causes of ecological succession and its basic types.
Ans: A progressive organization of a biological community as a new plants and animals species come into an area and alter the environmental conditions is called ecological succession.
Ecological succession is of two types. These are as follows.
(i) Primary succession: When plants and animals colonize a previously desolate area then primary succession takes place, such as sand dune, new volcanic island, bare rock, or recently glaciated ground. Everything including the soil bacteria, insects, plants, and animals must come from nearby habitats in these situations.
(ii) Secondary Succession: In areas where communities have become established before an event then secondary succession occur, such as fire, landslide, flood, hurricane, field-clearing disturbs them.
11. What are the conservational strategies for protection of wild life in North East India.
Ans: There are two types of conservational strategies of protection of wild life n North East India.
These two are:
(i) In situ conservation and
(ii) Ex situ conservation.
These two are discussed as follows.
(i) In situ conservation: In situ conservation implies the conservation of species at its own habitat. These species should be preserved maintaining the genetic integrity of their natural state. Biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries reserves forest etc. There are some important national parks and sanctuaries of North East India. Some of them are Kaziranga in Assam important for one horned Rhino, Gibbon in Assam for Gibon (Hollow), Manas in Assam for tiger, Dipor Beel in Assam for Birds, Number in Assam for Elephant etc. Apart from this Nokrek in Meghalaya, manas in Assam, Joidihing in Assam are the declared biosphere reserves in at present India
(ii) Ex-situ conservation: The use of botanical gardens and arboreta on the one hand and genebank are used in ex situ conservation. Ex-situ conservation implies the conservational species outside its habitat. Zene banks, see banks, zoos, botanical gardens, culture collection etc. are established for ex situ conservation.
12. Write on the uses of solar energy in day to day life.
Ans: Following are the uses of solar energy in day to day life:
(i) Solar energy is used to solar collector pump as a heat absorbing medium.
(ii) Solar energy is used to produce electricity enough to run street light, irrigation, water pump etc.
(iii) To make the usable things germ free every body try to solar energy.
(iv) To preserve foodgrains after harvesting solar energy is used.
(v) Solar energy is used to dry clothes an other household goods.
(vi) Solar energy is used to creating heat for solar cocker.
(vii) Solar energy is used to drive solar heater.etc.
13. Distinguished between:
(a) In situ and ex-situ conservation of biodiversity
Ans: There are two types of conservational strategies of protection of wild life n North East India.
These two are:
(i) In situ conservation and
(ii) Ex situ conservation.
These two are discussed as follows:
In situ conservation: In situ conservation implies the conservation of species at its own habitat. These species should be preserved maintaining the genetic integrity of their natural state. Biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries reserves forest etc. There are some important national parks and sanctuaries of North East India.Some of them are Kaziranga in Assam important for one horned Rhino, Gibbon in Assam for Gibon (Hollow), Manas in Assam for tiger, Deepor Beel in Assam for Birds, Number in Assam for Elephant etc. Apart from this Nokrek in Meghalaya, manas in Assam, Joidihing in Assam are the declared biosphere reserves in at present India.
Ex-situ conservation: The use of botanical gardens and arboreta on the one hand and genebank are used in ex situ conservation. Ex-situ conservation implies the conservational species outside its habitat. Zene banks, see banks, 200s, botanical gardens, culture collection etc. are established for ex situ conservation.
(b) Weather and climate
Ans: Weather means the elements which occur at a particular point of time like humidity, temperature, rainfall etc. It refers to short period of time and it determined particularly by the movement of air.
On the other hand climate means the overall condition of weather of a particular area for determined by the geographical position of the area.
(c) Bio-degradable and non biodegradable substance.
Ans: The substance are divided into two which are released by the human activities. The two type of substance are bio-degradable and non biodegradable.
Biodegradable substance means the substance which are simulating with the nature in course of time. Urinal discharge, food residuals etc are bio degradable substance.
On the other hand non-biodegradable substance are those which do not assimilate with nature in course of time.
(d) Sanctuary and national Park.
Ans: The forest which the government declared as reserved to protect certain flora and fauna os known as sanctuary. Here hunting, killing and capturing of animals are banned. In such forest only for research and study capturing animal is allowed.
On the other hand national park means the forest which is reserved by law to maintain its originality, its flora, fauna and geographical location. Here falling tree, collecting firewood, fodder, operating farming works, building residence are not allowed. Here killing and capturing animals is also banned.
(e) Smoke and Smog
Ans: Smoke is one kind of polluted gases. This polluted gases committed by the factories, vehicles etc. Smoke is responsible for the release of particles in the air which causes the growth of global warming.
When fog mingled with smoke is called smog. Smog is more harmful for human life. It creates a cover in the lower sky. It hinders the process of releasing heat from the eth’s surface and therefore it responsible for green house effect.
14. Write short note on:
(a) Green house effect.
Ans: Greenhouse is used for plant-growing in cold countries. During winter season in the cold countries the insulation is not sufficient for plant growth. The Greenhouse, made up of glass, allows visible sunlight to enter into it but prevents the infrared rays to go out. Thus a gradual warming up occurs inside it. favouring the growth of the plants. The Green house effect means a progressive warming up of the earth’s surface due to blanketing effect of man made carbon dioxide and some other gases in the atmosphere.
As the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing day by Jay, Scientists say that the global temperature will increase gradually. If the temperature rises gradually, the glaciers will start melting, the level of the water bodies like Sea and Ocean, will rise and many low lying areas will be submerged. The marine ecosystem will be damaged.
So, global warming is mainly due to increasing Co2 level in the atmosphere, Industrialization, deforestation and increasing number of fossil fueled vehicles on the roads are the principal sources of Co2 increase. Steps should be taken to minimize the emission of Co2.
(b) Red Data Book
Ans: Red data book is a record book of the list of endangered species of plants and animals published by International Union for conservation of natural and Natural Resources. The species which are endangered and if no protected are likely to become extinct in near future, that type of species are recorded in Red Data Book. Pigeon, Dodu, Great Indian Bustard, Black Rhinoceros, Dugong Spotted Owl, Tortoise, Re Panda, Tiger, Snow Leopard, Chetak, Peacock, Turtle etc. are important endangered and extinct animals in India which are recorded in Red Data Book.
(c) Cyclone
Ans: Cyclone are the type of wind. There are commonly called lows and anticyclones highs. It has often been more loosely applied to a storm and disturbance attending pressure systems. Cyclone occurs when in an area of low atmospheric pressure surrounded by a wind system blowing in an anticlockwise direction.
15. What are the objectives of the biosphere reserve programme?
Ans: The following are the objectives of the biosphere reserve programme:
(i) Conserve biotic diversity for ecological evidence.
(ii) Safeguard genetic diversity for the process of evolution to act upon.
(iii) Provide natural areas for basic and applied research in ecology and environmental biology.
(iv) Provide opportunity for environmental education and training.
(v) Promote international cooperation.
(vi) Promote appropriate sustainable management of the available biotic resources.
(vii) Disseminate the experience so as to promote sustainable development elsewhere.
16. Why it is necessary to conserve natural resources?
Ans: The natural resources have been depleted and the shortage of natural resources is a matter of international concern. With the advancement of human civilization there has been an increasing conflict between man and nature. The rapid population increase, increased role of industrialization, urbanization and increased number of vehicles have resulted in modification of the ecosystem to a great extent and have brought undesirable changes in the natural habitat. Besides polluting the environment these factors contributed to the depletion of natural resources. So, the world wide concern is that progress cannot be achieved at the cost of biological systems that renew all the resources essential to sustain life on the earth. Therefore it is the need of hour to conserve our natural resources.
17. Explain the strategies to be adopted for conservation of natural resources.
Ans: The word conservation is derived from the Latin words ‘Con meaning together and ‘servare’ meaning to keep or guard.
For conservation of natural resources the following strategies are to be adopted:
Limited use of exhaustible renewable resources can conserve these for longer use. However, even the degraded or depleted resources of this type can be replenished with proper planning and management.
Exhaustible, non-renewable resources cannot be regenerated once they are exhausted. Therefore the limited use and making the use of alternative renewable sources are the only solution to this problem. Conservation of forest or green cover helps to conserve soil, water and wildlife. Vegetation cover prevents soil erosion, retains soil water, reduces the impact of flood and helps maintaining natural balance between biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere and preserves species of plants in their natural habitats.
A common integrated strategy will only help conserving our natural resources.
18. Discuss some of the important ways of conservation of soil.
Ans: Some of the important ways of conservation of soil are given below :
(a) Afforestation and Reforestation: Afforestation means growing forests at fallow lands and reforestation means replanting of forests at places where they have been destroyed by excessive felling lopping or by forest fires. Planting of quick growing suitable plants is the easiest way for preventing soil erosion.
(b) Contour Planting: Plowing at right angles to the gentle slopes of hills checks the flow of water straight down the hills and soil erosion is, therefore, prevented.
(c) Strip Cropping: Strip cropping is done on stiff slopes where strips of land are ploughed at right angles to the direction of the slopes and different crops are raised in adjacent strips.
(d) Terrace cropping: The slope is divided into series of small flat fields by means of ridges, which are placed in such a manner that the run of rain water is considerably reduced and water is soaked in.
(e) Dams: Big dams constructed on the bank of rivers causing heavy floods control the flood and protects soil from erosion.
(f) Checking of Overgrazing: A system of restricted and rotational grazing may be helpful in reducing soil erosion to some extent.
(g) Soil Fertility: Good vegetation checks faster run off and rapid soil erosion. Soil fertility can be retained by practising rotation of crops.
19. How can water be conserved for various human activities?
Ans: We can conserve the water resources by adopting the following ways:
(i) We should try to reduce the run off and evaporation losses.
(ii) We should adopt the method of recycling of water which is essential to economic use of water.
(iii) Floods should be controlled by damming the rivers and the surplus water should be stored in the reservoirs.
(iv) The water intensive crops should not be sown in dry regions.
(v) We should control the over irrigation. Thas we minimise the misuse of water as well as we save the soil from becoming salty.
(vi) Pollution of water bodies should be controlled by checking the affluents from settlements and industries as they form major pollutants of the water-bodies.
20. What measures would you suggest for conservation of the forests?
Ans: Measures for conservation of forests:
(a) The felling of trees should be matched with planting of more trees.Intensive programme of afforestation and reforestation must be adopted.
(b) The use of fuel wood and wood charcoal should be discouraged.
(c) Modern silvicultural practices should be practised.
(d) The social forestry programme should be encouraged.
(e) The agroforestry programme, i.e. use of the same plot of land for farming, forestry and animal husbandry should be encouraged.
(f) True planting in urban and industrial areas should be undertaken for aesthetic purposes, purification of polluted air and control of noise pollution.
(g) Threatened species should be conserved in their natural habitation as well as under controlled conditions.
21. What is the importance of wildlife on our socio-economic life?
Ans: Wildlife is considered as renewable resources from ecological point of view. The wildlife helps us in maintaining the balance of nature. If this equilibrium is disturbed at one point, it leads to many problems in the ecosystem. The wildlife can be used commercially to earn more and more money. Wildlife provides the natural environment to the naturalists and the biologists to study the different aspects of life. It has an immense value as “gene banks for breeding new disease resistant and improved varieties in agriculture, fishery and animal husbandry. Many new varieties of wildlife have been used for human benefit. The wildlife of India is our cultural asset which is intimately connected with India’s art, sculpture, literature and religion.
22. Discuss the fundamental approaches to be adopted in conserving the wildlife.
Ans: The fundamental approaches to be adopted in conserving the wildlife are:
(a) Protection of Natural Habitats: The natural habitats of wildlife should be protected by enacting laws.
(b) Protection by laws: Wildlife should be protected by enacting laws and besides protecting the wildlife we should safeguard genetic diversity and their continuing evolution.
(c) Establishment of Sanctuaries, Natural Parks and Biosphere Reserves: These are protected areas which are managed with different objectives for protecting the wildlife.
(d) Every effort should be made to preserve the endangered species. Such species should be preserved in their natural habitats and in zoos and national parks.
(e) Non-government organisations should also participate in wildlife conservation programme to educate the people on conservation of wildlife.
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