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Class 10 Automotive Service Technician Chapter 2 Work Effectively and Efficiently
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Work Effectively and Efficiently
Chapter: 2
Unit 2.1 – Safe Working Practices
Unit Objectives: At the end of this unit, participants will be able to:
1. Elaborate importance of safety at workplace.
Ans: When we feel safe and secure, we can remain motivated and feel happy at our workplace. Workplace safety play an important role in organization as it boosts the productivity. If the workers in the organization feel safe they can work with their full capabilities and potential and it also reflect positivism in the working environment. Therefore, measures needs to be taken to eliminate risks at work and ensure a safe and comfortable environment for the employees.
2. List the potential workplace related risks and hazards, their causes and preventions.
Ans: The situation which can create threat to human life, property of workplace or environment is defined as hazard. Most of the hazards are hidden in nature which reflects theoretical risk but the fact is that if it becomes active it may lead to emergency. Situation of hazard when finish it turns to be an accident. Hazard and its possibility of getting activated act together to form a risk. Identification of hazard risks is the first step in performing a risk assessment.
Hazards are generally classified into three categories:
(i) Dormant: The circumstance project a possibility of active hazard but it does not affect people, property or environment.
(ii) Armed: People, property or environment is in potential harm’s way.
(iii) Active: A dangerous occurrence in which hazard has played its role. It is sometimes referred as accident, emergency, incident or disaster not hazard.
The common types of hazard are:
(i) Physical hazards: A situation which cause physical harm to body or create extreme stress is referred as physical hazard. A physical hazard may be natural or human made also.
(ii) Chemical hazards: Substances which can create harm to human health, harm body parts, property or environment.
(iii) Biological hazards: Biological agents like fungus, bacteria, viruses, parasites and foreign toxins that cause harm to human health.
(iv) Psychological hazards: Taken place due to stressful working environment. Caused by stress, illness, alcohol or lack of training.
(v) Electrical hazards: Dangerous condition where worker can make electrical contact with equipment or conductor, resulting in shock or burns.
3. Identify safety measures during work.
Ans: Safety at automobile workshop:
(a) Personal Safety: Observe the following general safety precautions while working in automotive workshop:
(i) Don’t indulge in horseplay.
(ii) Don’t scatter the tools etc. on the operating machinery.
(iii) Don’t keep sharp objects or tools in your pocket.
(iv) See that your dress is suited to the job. It should not be loose which may get caught in the moving machinery.
(v) Never use compressed air for blowing out dirt from your clothes.
(vi) While chipping, grinding or using air hose or doing any other job where there is danger of flying particles, goggles must be worn.
(vii) When car is jacked up, make sure the jack is properly centered and will not slip.
(b) Safety with hand tools:
(i) Use the correct tool for the job in hand.
(ii) Use the tool correctly.
(iii) Keep the tools clean and in good working condition.
(iv) Grease or oil on tools should be wiped off as it is difficult to hold and use such tools.
(v) Store the tools in their proper places.
(c) Safety with power tools: There are three main dangers with the use of power tools:
(i) Electric shock: The safety precautions are-
- Don’t use damaged cords.
- Don’t stand in water or wear wet shoes when working with electrical equipment.
- Make sure the electrical equipment is properly earthed.
(ii) Flying metal chips the safety precautions is: Always wear goggles.
(d) Injuries due to unsafe use of tools:
(i) Carefully study the instructions before using any equipment.
(ii) Keep hands and clothes away from moving parts.
(iii) Make sure the electrical equipment is properly earthed.
(iv) When working on devices like clutches, valves etc. which have springs, make sure the springs will not slip or jump off.
(v) Don’t adjust or oil moving parts of a machine.
(e) Tool Storage:
(i) Store the tools in their proper places.
4. Display the correct way of wearing and removing PPE such as face masks, hand gloves, face shields, PPE suits, etc.
Ans: Firstly on shop floor every person has to wear personal protective equipment (PPE) for its personal safety.
(a) What is Personal Protective Equipment?
(i) PPE is defined as “All equipment which protects the worker from risks and hazards while working at workplace.”
(ii) Personal Protective Equipments safeguard us from workplace hazards.
(b) Eye Protection:
(i) Eyes are so fragile.
(ii) Safety glasses and goggles will help prevent foreign materials from entering your eyes.
(iii) Goggles can be used over prescription glasses.
(c) Gloves:
(i) Use work gloves while working on tyres or exhaust.
(ii) Use disposable latex gloves when handling chemicals, oils, and grease.
(d) Head Protection:
(i) Hard hats guard from collision, penetration, burns, and electrical shock.
(ii) Use when there is a risk of falling objects or accidental contact with electrical sources.
(e) Foot Protection:
(i) Safety boots protect from puncture wounds, slipping, and heavy object injuries.
(ii) Use while working with nails, wires, molten metal, or on greasy surfaces.
(f) Ear Protection:
(i) Use earplugs or earmuffs in loud work areas.
(ii) Earplugs should be inserted properly to block high decibel levels.
(g) Body Protection: Protective clothing varies by hazard:
(i) Paper-like fiber suits for dust and splashes.
(ii) Wool/cotton for fire resistance and comfort.
(iii) Leather for dry heat and flames.
(iv) Rubber, neoprene for chemical protection.
| Unit 2.2 – Emergencies, Rescue and First Aid Procedures |
Unit Objectives: At the end of this unit, participants will be able to:
1. Discuss the causes of fire at the shop floor.
Ans: Fire is one of the most common causes of the accidents in establishments. Fire is defined as a self-sustaining combustion process in which a substance (fuel) combines with oxygen in air to produce immense heat and light.
Fire hazards pose threats to life and property. It is, therefore, the prime object of safety systems to detect, remove or reduce the risk of fire threatened by those potential hazards.
The following fire hazards are common at home, in public places, transports and workplaces:
(i) All types of flames used for any work.
(ii) Electric wires, higher loads, loose connections and old electrical equipment.
(iii) All cooking and heat generating appliances.
(iv) All works and situations where fire is essential such as welding, cutting, metal casting etc.
(v) Improper stowage of tools, equipment and items during and at the end of the day’s work.
(vi) Smoking and personal lighters and matches.
(vii) Fireworks, pyro techniques, ammunitions and explosives.
(viii) Improper and unauthorized stowage of flammable and hazardous materials and chemicals especially the flammable ones.
(ix) Insufficient capacity and numbers of emergency exits and stairs.
(x) Hindrance to sight or reach fire fighting equipment, markings and alarm systems.
(xi) Insufficient numbers and types of fire extinguishers.
(xii) Absence of fire detection and alarm system.
(xiii) Violation of building and fire codes.
2. Demonstrate steps of emergency procedures.
Ans: Follow these emergency instructions in case of fire:
(a) Activate the ALARM.
(b) Evacuate the area.
(c) Call the fire department.
(d) Fight the fire only if:
(i) You know how.
(ii) The fire is small.
(iii) You are confined to the area where it started.
(iv) You have a way out.
(v) You can work with your back to the exit.
(vi) You have the right type of extinguisher.
(vii) You feel confident that you can operate it effectively.
DO NOT fight the fire if:
(i) You have any doubts about fighting it.
(ii) It is spreading beyond the area where it started.
(iii) It could block your escape route.
Evacuate the building immediately Confine a fire to the zone of origin, for a specified time, thereby preventing fire spread and leaving more time for safe evacuation of the building occupants.
If a fire breaks out, smoke containment systems prevent the movement of smoke and heat from one area to another.
3. Demonstrate steps to evacuate in emergency situation.
Ans: The steps to evacuate in emergency situation are as follows:
(a) As the first step a layout must be made of the building, including:
(i) Evacuation Routes.
(ii) Fire Extinguisher (locations).
(iii) Fire Alarm Stations (locations).
(iv) First Aid Kit (locations).
(b) The second step for evacuation procedures for workers & visitors in case of emergency includes a map of the building, parking area, and other building surroundings:
(i) This must show the Rally Point.
(ii) Rally Point must be a safe distance from the building.
(iii) It must be easily accessible, out of the way of emergency services, and should not be beside the fire hydrant.
(iv) Both the layout and the Rally Point must be posted noticeably throughout the facility and made accessible to all employees upon request.
4. Demonstrate basic first aid techniques.
Ans: (a) Free a person from electrocution: If someone is suffering from electric shock, approach with extreme caution and follow first aid steps.
Steps:
(i) Firstly, take the suffering person away from the electricity source as fast as possible. Turning off the electric supply of the machine is the best method for doing this.
(ii) If this seems impossible, remove the person from the electricity source by using a piece of wood or insulating material.
(iii) Don’t touch the victim getting the electric shock because you could also get shock too.
(iv) After successfully executing the victim from the electricity source, call the ambulance, if the victim is unconscious. Give first-aid to the victim till the time the ambulance is coming.
(v) If the victim is conscious and looking well, monitor its condition, as the results of shock must not be clear immediately.
For treating shock, burns, bleeding and wounds, electric shock, choking, eye injury, heat stroke, hypothermia, fainting and unconsciousness, use following first-aid techniques:
(b) Shock: Cold, weakness, unbalanced breathing, rapid weak pulse, pale or bluish lips and fingernails and nausea are the symptoms of shock.
Steps:
(i) Don’t give anything for eating and drinking to the victim.
(ii) Put down the victim on his/her back. Don’t move the victim if there’s any neck or back injury. If find victim is unconscious or vomiting, put down on his/her side and ensure that sufficient air is available in the room.
(iii) Use blankets or clothes to keep the victim warm.
(iv) Place the victim’s legs on a pillow.
(c) Bleeding and Wounds:
Steps:
(i) Cover the wound by a clean cloth and gloved hand; then apply firm and steady pressure on wound for 5 mins at least.
(ii) Lift up the injured leg or arm above the victim’s heart level.
(iii) Secure the wound by a bandage when bleeding stops. Ensure that bandage is not fixed too tightly – it may stops blood circulation.
(iv) Check the victim for shock.
| Unit 2.3 – Workplace Quality Standards |
Unit Objectives: At the end of this unit, participants will be able to:
1. State the methods to keep the work area clean and tidy.
Ans: Housekeeping in simple words means maintaining a house on a daily or long term basis or looking after its cleanliness, tidiness, upkeep and smooth running.
Cleanliness doesn’t mean housekeeping. Housekeeping includes:
(i) Keeping work areas tidy and arranged.
(ii) Keeping floors free of slip and trip accidents.
(iii) Clearing of waste materials (paper, cardboard) and other fire hazards.
Workplace hazards can be eliminated by effective housekeeping and completing a job safely and properly. Poor housekeeping and hiding hazards can cause frequent accidents which can cause injuries.
2. Apply basic housekeeping practices to ensure that the work area is clean, such as mopping spills and leaks, cleaning grease stains etc.
Ans: Housekeeping consists of the simpler aspects of care and maintenance of workplace and its associated items:
(i) Maintaining operational tidiness and order.
(ii) Properly controlling waste.
(iii) Regulating activities such as smoking that can lead to hazardous conditions.
Good housekeeping is a vital factor in preventing accidents. The great majority of all work accidents are caused during the handling of goods or materials, and by people falling, being hit by falling objects, or striking against objects in the workplace. All these causes can be reduced by good housekeeping practices — in fact, good housekeeping is the only cure for hundreds of accidents that occur.
3. Perform routine cleaning of tools, equipment and machines.
Ans: (a) Housekeeping consists of the simpler aspects of care and maintenance of workplace and its associated items:
(i) Maintaining operational tidiness and order.
(ii) Properly controlling waste.
(iii) Regulating activities such as smoking that can lead to hazardous conditions.
(b) Typical examples of poor housekeeping that lead to these accidents are:
(i) Excessive material, waste or chips in the working area.
(ii) Congested aisles.
(iii) Tools left on machines.
(iv) Waste containers overflowing.
(v) Lockers and workrooms in disorder.
(vi) Acids in open containers.
(vii) Broken glass.
(viii) Electric leads or air lines across aisles.
(ix) Dirty light fittings, windows and skylights.
(x) Untidy or dangerous storage of materials (e.g., materials stuffed in corners, overcrowded shelves, etc.).
(xi) Dusty, dirty floors and work surfaces.
(xii) Spills and leaks.
(c) Efficient housekeeping results in:
(i) Decrease handling to comfort the materials flow.
(ii) Fewer slipping and tripping accidents.
(iii) Less fire hazards.
(iv) Better control of tools and materials in managing inventory and supplies.
(v) Equipment is more cleaned and well maintained.
4. Discuss how to complete the given work within the stipulated time period.
Ans: If we can manage our time more effectively, we will be rewarded in a variety of ways:
(i) We will be more competent in our routine job and also can support others.
(ii) We can accomplish great success in every role as a leader.
(iii) On a personal level, you will certainly feel healthier, more energetic, and in a generally better mood.
5. Discuss ways to maintain a proper balance between team and individual goals.
Ans: If we have to learn from Geese, it is to stand by each other in tough times as well as good times.
(i) The team works on a common goal and are cohesive in nature to reach their destination.
(ii) Team members help each other since they can collectively achieve much more than they can alone.
(iii) People are interdependent on each other’s skills, capabilities, and unique arrangements of gifts, talents, and resources.
(iv) In teams where there is encouragement, the production is much higher.
(v) A committed team treats the work like their own garden or pet – they care for it and own it.
(vi) It is important to align team member’s personal visions to that of the organization.
| Unit 2.4 – Health and Hygiene During an Epidemic and Pandemic |
Unit Objectives: At the end of this unit, participants will be able to:
1. Discuss epidemics and pandemics and their impact on society at large.
Ans: Epidemics: An epidemic is a disease that affects a large number of people within a community, population, or region.
Pandemic: A pandemic is an epidemic that’s spread over multiple countries or continents.
An epidemic can provoked social stigma and discriminatory behaviours against people of certain ethnic backgrounds as well as anyone perceived to have been in contact with the virus.
The level of stigma associated with an epidemic is based on three main factors:
(i) it is a disease that’s new and for which there are still many unknowns.
(ii) we are often afraid of the unknown.
(iii) it is easy to associate that fear with ‘others’.
It is understandable that there is confusion, anxiety, and fear among the public. Unfortunately, these factors are also fueling harmful stereotypes.
2. Elaborate the significance of following prescribed rules and guidelines during an epidemic or a pandemic.
Ans: Following prescribed rules and guidelines during an epidemic or a pandemic is of critical importance for both personal and public health. These guidelines—such as wearing masks, maintaining social distancing, using sanitizers, and staying at home when necessary—are designed by health experts to prevent the spread of infection.
When individuals follow these rules, it helps to limit the transmission of the disease, protecting not only themselves but also others, especially vulnerable groups like the elderly or those with pre-existing health conditions. In workplaces such as automobile service centers, these protocols ensure safe interaction between customers and workers, and help in maintaining a healthy environment.
Moreover, adhering to guidelines reduces the burden on the healthcare system by slowing the rate of infection, allowing hospitals to manage patients more effectively. It also helps in avoiding unnecessary panic, promoting social responsibility, and supporting government efforts to control the outbreak.
3. Discuss the significance of conforming to basic hygiene practices such as washing hands, using alcohol-based hand sanitizers.
Ans: Conforming to basic hygiene practices like washing hands with soap and water and using alcohol-based hand sanitizers is essential for maintaining a healthy and safe workplace environment. These simple actions help prevent the spread of infectious diseases, especially during an epidemic or pandemic, by eliminating germs and viruses from hands before they can be transferred to surfaces, tools, or other individuals.
In automotive service centers and other workplaces, employees often come into contact with various tools, vehicle interiors, and shared surfaces. Without proper hygiene, these can become carriers of infection. By following hygiene protocols, the risk of cross-contamination between workers and customers is significantly reduced.
Moreover, good hygiene contributes to overall employee health, resulting in fewer sick days and increased productivity. A clean and hygienic environment also creates a positive impression on visitors and builds trust among clients and customers.
4. Show how to sanitize and disinfect one’s work area regularly.
Ans: Sanitizing and disinfecting the work area regularly is essential to maintain a clean, safe, and healthy environment for both employees and visitors. This becomes especially important during epidemics or pandemics, where the spread of germs must be minimized.
(i) Implement a hygiene policy: Provide staff with a written hygiene policy. Inform them of your intentions and expectations of a clean workplace. This helps communicate to staff that you also take workplace hygiene seriously.
(ii) Provide a clean bathroom: It is pivotal for a hygienic workplace to have a clean bathroom. Also ensure that the bathroom is well stocked with soap, toilet paper and hand towels.
(iii) Provide clean wipes, sanitiser and tissues: Provide items such as these to help your staff maintain a clean and hygienic workspace. Employees are more likely to use such items if they are readily available.
(iv) Regular cleaning: Make sure your workplace is regularly cleaned. This helps prevent the spread of infection, and a cleaned workplace also maintains morale and a sense of professionalism.
5. Demonstrate the correct way of washing hands using soap and water.
Ans: Washing hands properly is one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of germs, viruses, and bacteria, especially in a workplace like an automobile service center where hands come in contact with many shared surfaces.
(i) Wet your hands with clean, running water (warm or cold).
(ii) Apply soap to cover all hand surfaces.
(iii) Rub your hands together to make a lather and scrub well for at least 20 seconds. Make sure to cover:
(a) Front and back of hands.
(b) Between fingers.
(c) Under fingernails.
(d) Around thumbs.
(c) Wrists.
(iv) Rinse your hands thoroughly under clean running water.
(v) Dry your hands using a clean towel or air dryer.
6. Demonstrate the correct way of sanitizing hands.
Ans: Sanitizing hands is a quick and effective method to kill most germs and viruses, especially when soap and water are not available. It is particularly useful in workplaces like automotive service centers where technicians frequently interact with tools, surfaces, and customers.
Steps for Correct Hand Sanitization:
(i) Apply sanitizer:
(a) Use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.
(b) Take a coin-sized amount (about 2–3 ml) of sanitizer on the palm of one hand.
(ii) Rub hands together: Rub both palms together thoroughly.
(iii) Cover all surfaces:
(a) Rub the back of each hand.
(b) Rub between the fingers.
(c) Rub around the thumbs.
(d) Rub the fingertips and nails against the palms.
(e) Don’t forget the wrists.
(iv) Continue rubbing for at least 20 seconds:
(a) Rub until the sanitizer dries completely.
(b) Do not wipe or rinse your hands after applying sanitizer.
(v) When to Sanitize Hands:
(a) After touching tools or vehicle interiors.
(b) Before and after attending a customer.
(c) After handling cash or documents.
(d) Before eating or drinking.
(e) After coughing, sneezing, or touching your face.
7. Demonstrate appropriate social and behavioural etiquette (greeting and meeting people, spitting/ coughing/sneezing, etc.).
Ans: During an epidemic or pandemic, practicing proper social and behavioural etiquette is essential to maintain hygiene, respect personal space, and prevent the spread of infection. These etiquettes reflect discipline, professionalism, and concern for others’ well-being especially important in public or workplace environments like automotive service centers.
(i) Greeting and Meeting People:
(a) Avoid physical contact such as handshakes, hugs, or high-fives.
- Use non-contact greetings like: Waving, Nod of the head, Saying “Namaste” with folded hands.
- Maintain at least 1–2 meters distance while speaking with others.
- Wear a face mask during all interactions.
(ii) Coughing and Sneezing Etiquette:
(a) Always cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or elbow (sleeve) when coughing or sneezing.
(b) Dispose of the tissue immediately in a closed bin.
(c) Wash or sanitize your hands immediately after.
(d) Avoid coughing or sneezing into your hands.
(iii) Spitting in Public:
(a) Never spit in public places—it spreads germs and viruses.
(b) Spitting in public is not only unhygienic but also punishable by law in many places.
(c) Use designated spittoons if absolutely necessary and permitted.
(iv) Personal Hygiene and Behaviour:
(a) Avoid touching your face, especially eyes, nose, and mouth.
(b) Refrain from sharing personal items like mobile phones, pens, or tools.
(c) Wear clean clothes and follow proper grooming standards.
(d) Use polite language and show empathy to those who are unwell or affected.
8. Discuss the ways of dealing with stress and anxiety during an epidemic or a pandemic.
Ans: Healthy ways to handle stress:
(i) Know what to do if you are sick.
(ii) Know where and how to get treatment and other support services and resources.
(iii) Take care of your emotional health. This will help you think clearly and react to the urgent needs to protect yourself and your family.
(iv) Take breaks from watching, reading, or listening to news stories, including those on social media. Hearing about the pandemic repeatedly can be upsetting.
(v) Take care of your body.
(a) Take deep breaths, stretch, or meditate on external icons.
(b) Try to eat healthy, well-balanced meals.
(c) Exercise regularly.
(d) Get plenty of sleep.
(e) Avoid excessive alcohol and drug use.
(vi) Make time to unwind. Try to do some other activities you enjoy.
(vii) Connect with others. Talk with people you trust about your concerns and how you are feeling.
(viii) Connect with your community – or faith-based organizations. While social distancing measures are in place, consider connecting online, through social media, or by phone or mail.
| Exercise |
1. In health and safety context, a hazard is:
(a) Anything with the potential to result in an injury or illness.
(b) The likelihood of someone being injured in the workplace.
(c) Anything that could result in a physical injury.
(d) Anything that could result in a psychological injury.
Ans: (a) Anything with the potential to result in an injury or illness.
2. Once you have spotted a hazard you must:
(a) Report it to your boss.
(b) Leave it as someone else will fix it eventually.
(c) Bring your own toolbox to work and fix it yourself.
(d) None of the above.
Ans: (a) Report it to your boss.
3. From the following options, what is the best way to control hazards in the workplace?
(a) Replace the hazard for a less risky option.
(b) Eliminate the hazard completely from the workplace.
(c) Use personal protective equipment (PPE).
(d) Have rules to help people avoid hurting themselves.
Ans: (b) Eliminate the hazard completely from the workplace.
4. The safe way of working is:
(a) An effective and right way of working.
(b) An ancient way of working.
(c) A way of handling the work in a hurry.
(d) A way of normal working.
Ans: (a) An effective and right way of working.
5. The best way of avoiding accident is by:
(a) Doing work in ancient way.
(b) Doing work in one’s own way.
(c) Observing safety rules related to job, machine and workplace.
(d) Using safety equipment.
Ans: (c) Observing safety rules related to job, machine and workplace.
6. Employers have to provide a safe and healthy place for:
(a) Employees only.
(b) Workers only.
(c) Employees and Workers only.
(d) Employees & Workers.
Ans: (d) Employees & Workers.
7. You have been given a dust mask to protect against hazardous fumes. What should you do?
(a) Do the job but work quickly.
(b) Do not start work until you have the correct Respiratory Protective Equipment.
(c) Start work but take a break now and again.
(d) Wear a second dust mask on top of the first one.
Ans: (b) Do not start work until you have the correct Respiratory Protective Equipment.
8. If you drop your safety helmet from height on to a hard surface, you should:
(a) Repair any cracks then carry on wearing it.
(b) Make sure there are no cracks then carry on wearing it.
(c) Work without a safety helmet until you can get a new one.
(d) Stop work and get a new safety helmet.
Ans: (d) Stop work and get a new safety helmet.
9. What type of breathing protection do you use in a space with little oxygen?
(a) A disposable mask.
(b) Self-contained breathing apparatus.
(c) A filter mask with the correct filter cartridge.
(d) None of these.
Ans: (b) Self-contained breathing apparatus.
10. The risk of manual task injuries are increased by:
(a) The length of time spent handling the load.
(b) Twisting sideways, bending and stretching.
(c) Using trolleys and hoists.
(d) Wearing a back brace.
Ans: (b) Twisting sideways, bending and stretching.
11. What is a frequent cause of stumbling, slipping or tripping?
(a) Failure to wear safety footwear.
(b) The lack of barrier tape along a footpath.
(c) The presence of cables and pipes lying across a footpath.
(d) None of these.
Ans: (c) The presence of cables and pipes lying across a footpath.
12. What should be your first action, when treating an electrical burn?
(a) Ensure that the casualty is still breathing.
(b) Wash the burn with cold water.
(c) Check for danger and ensure that contact with the electrical source is broken.
(d) Check for level of response.
Ans: (c) Check for danger and ensure that contact with the electrical source is broken.
13. What is a faint?
(a) A response to fear.
(b) An unexpected collapse.
(c) A brief loss of consciousness.
(d) A sign of flu.
Ans: (c) A brief loss of consciousness.
14. The best treatment for all heart attack victims is immediate CPR.
True/False.
Ans: False.
Answer the Following Questions:
15. What are the benefits of organization policies and procedure?
Ans: Organizations will have a set of rules that direct employees’ action in accordance to what is believed to be right. One should follow the policies set by the organization.
The meaning of working ethically means you should be on pre-defined shift time, should take leave when you are sick, not using the telephone for personal purpose, avoid gift from customers, should not use anything belonging to customer, should not indulge in gossiping about others behind them, showing support to other workers and keeping client information confidential.
These points reflect how organizational policies and procedures help:
(i) Maintain ethical behavior.
(ii) Ensure discipline.
(iii) Safeguard customer interests.
(iv) And promote a respectful and efficient work culture.
16. What are the obstacles to effective time management?
Ans: The obstacles to effective time management are:
(i) Objective is not clear: With closed eyes it is difficult to hit a target thus it is equally difficult to accomplish something when you aren’t exactly clear about what you want to achieve.
(ii) Disorganization: It’s easy to see when your desk is too messy, but sometimes you have to step back and ask yourself if you are taking an organized approach in completing all of your tasks.
(iii) Inability to Say “No”: We need to be helpful towards others when they need our support, but this needs time and could result in disturbing our priorities to do something we may not have planned.
(iv) Interruptions: Some time it happens that when we are in the middle of accomplishing something which is very important for us, we get a phone call. These calls are very disturbing as they interrupt our thought process which can lead to go back from where we started or in between somewhere.
(v) More Interruptions: Inappropriate time conversations need our time thus we need to be careful and have to stop what we are doing and focus on plans.
(vi) Periods of Inactivity: As much as we think we are busy, there are times in our day when we are not really doing anything. Recognizing and making use of these times can have a positive effect.
(vii) Too Many Things at Once: Most of us work without making routine of our task. When we try to do many things simultaneously, each individual task suffers.
(viii) Stress and Fatigue: We all experience stress in our daily life. If the level of stress is very high, our work suffers and also affects mental and physical condition.
(ix) All Work and No Play: When work takes over your life, you may end up sacrificing important things like family and friends. You must give your body time to re-energize and enjoy life.
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