NIOS Class 12 Environmental Science Chapter 23 Environmental Legislation

NIOS Class 12 Environmental Science Chapter 23 Environmental Legislation Solutions to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse throughout different chapters NIOS Class 12 Environmental Science Chapter 23 Environmental Legislation Notes and select need one. NIOS Class 12 Environmental Science Chapter 23 Environmental Legislation Question Answers Download PDF. NIOS Study Material of Class 12 Environmental Science Paper Code 333.

NIOS Class 12 Environmental Science Chapter 23 Environmental Legislation

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Also, you can read the NIOS book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) Book guidelines. These solutions are part of NIOS All Subject Solutions. Here we have given NIOS Class 12 Environmental Science Chapter 23 Environmental Legislation Solutions, NIOS Senior Secondary Course Environmental Science Solutions for All Chapter, You can practice these here.

Environmental Legislation

Chapter: 23

Module 7: Environmental Management

Textual Question Answer

INTEXT QUESTIONS 23.1

1. Why is the need for legislation for solving environmental issues?

Ans: Legislation is needed in order to prevent  misuse and degradation of the environment.

2. Why is enforcement of legislation necessary?

Ans: An important aspect of environmental problem is that their impact is not confined to the source area but spills over far and wide.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 23.2 

1. On which subject the United Nations conference was held in 1972?

Ans: Human Environment.

2. Where this conference was held?

Ans: Stockholm. 

3. In which year was EPA passed?

Ans: 1986.

4. Which fuel has been made mandatory for public transport vehicles in Delhi for reducing air pollution?

Ans: CNG.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 23.3 

1. 

Ans:

INTEXT QUESTIONS 23.4

1. Which country has had a forest policy since 1894?

Ans: India.

2. In which year was the first Forest Act enacted?

Ans: 1927.

3. Expand the abbreviation NBA, SBB, BMC, and IPR.

Ans: National Biodiversity Authority, State Biodiversity Boards, Biodiversity Management Committee, Intellectual Property Right. 

4. Name the organization whose prior approval is necessary for foreigners to obtain biological resources and knowledge associated with it.

Ans: National Biodiversity Authority.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 23.5 

1. Define intimation environmental legislations.

Ans: Certain issues of multinational concern addressed by collection of policies, agreements and treaties that are loosely called international environmental legislation. 

2. What is protocol.

Ans: A protocol is an international agreement that stands on its own but is linked to an existing convention. 

3. Explain abbreviations CFCs, CBD.

Ans: Chloro- fluoro carbon (CFC), Convention on Biological Diversity.

4. Which gases are responsible for global warming.

Ans: CO₂, methane, NO₂, CFCs and water vapour.

1. What are Environmental legislations and how are they important for environmental improvement and conservation? 

Ans: Environmental legislations are a set of laws that play a vital and essential role in controlling the consumption of natural resources and in conserving the environment.

Effective legislation is essential In order to prevent mismanagement and deterioration of the environment. To restrain the devastating practices of deceitful people, forest mafia gangs, hunters, polluters, and overexploitation of resources, effective legislation is mandatory. There should be effective legislation to conserve the environment or else the need and to a certain limit, even greed for resources by the growing population will unleash destruction on the environment.

2. What are National Legislations and International Legislations? How are they are different from each other? 

Ans: National legislations are enforced in a particular country in the form of laws whereas International legislations are treaties concerning issues of global scale.

At the national level efforts are made for the conservation of the environment by incorporating modifications to the constitution of that country to solve environmental concerns at a national level. The constitutional provisions are sustained by various legislations – Acts and rule.

The concerns of global issues are tackled by an assemblage of agreements, policies, and treaties that are called International Environmental Legislations that are finalized through international conventions or treaties. Convention gives an outline to be respected by each party, which has to adopt its own national legislation to affirm convention is enforced at a national level.

3. Describe in brief some pollution related acts. 

Ans: For regulating pollution of water bodies laws have been enforced. The major laws include, The Water Act of 1974 and the Water Cess Act of 1977. The major goal of the Water act 1974, is to provide prevention and regulate water pollution and restoring water quality. The Act endows regulatory authority in SPCB to enforce and establish effluent standards.

The Water Cess Act of 1977 generates economic enticements for pollution regulation and entails local authorities and certain industries to pay a tax for discharging effluents into water bodies.

To regulate air pollution, one main law passed was The Air Act of 1981. This Act was implemented as the result of the Stockholm Conference held in June 1972. The major aim of this Act is to recover the quality of air and to prevent, regulate and abate air pollution in the country.

4. What are Ramsar Convention and Montreal Protocol? Describe in brief. 

Ans: Ramsar Convention:The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty adopted in 1971 at Ramsar (Iran) and came into force in 1975. It provides a framework for international cooperation on the conservation and wise use of wetlands. UNESCO is the Depositary of the Convention and its Secretariat is the Ramsar Bureau, located in Gland, Switzerland. India became a signatory in 1981.

Montreal Protocol: The Montreal Protocol was adopted in 1987 and came into force on 1 January 1989. It is a multilateral treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production and use of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) like CFCs, halons, and carbon tetrachloride. It has been amended several times to strengthen commitments and is regarded as one of the most successful environmental treaties.

5. Describe the Environmental Protection Act,1986.

Ans: The Environment Protection Act Of 1986 provides for the protection and improvement of the environment and the prevention of hazards to human beings, other living creatures, plants, and property. The goal of the Environmental Protection Act is to implement the decisions of the UN Conference on the Human Environment of 1972. This Act provides the Central Government with substantial powers which comprise coordination of function by state, and implementation of nationwide projects, and setting down environmental quality guidelines. Section 19 entails for “Citizens’ Suit” in accordance to which any person can file a complaint with a court alleging an offense under the Act.

6. What is main aim of biodiversity act and its salient features? 

Ans: The main goal is to conserve India’s rich biodiversity and associated knowledge against their consumption by foreign individuals and organizations without contributing to the benefits arising out of such use and to regulate biopiracy. The Act provides for the establishment of a State Biodiversity Boards, National Biodiversity Authority, and Biodiversity Management Committees in local bodies.

7. What are the main objectives of climate convention? 

Ans: The main objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is to reduce and prevent dangerous anthropogenic (human-caused) interference with the earth’s climate system.

The Convention requires signatory countries to:

(i) Stabilize greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere at levels that prevent harmful impacts on the climate system.

(ii) Ensure that ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change.

(iii) Safeguard food production from being threatened.

(iv) Promote sustainable economic development.

8. Write short note on:

(a) Water Act.

Ans: The major goal of the Water act 1974, Is to provide prevention and regulate water pollution, and restore water quality. The Act offers regulatory power to SPCB to enforce effluent guidelines. The 1988 amendment strengthened the Act’s implementation of the pollution provisions.

(b) Air Act.

Ans: The Air Act of 1981 was implemented as the result of the Stockholm Conference held in June 1972. The major aim of this Act is to revive the quality of air and to prevent, regulate and abate air pollution in the country. Under the Air Act, all industries functioning within the air pollution control region must get consent from the State Boards. The states are needed to provide emission guidelines for Industry and automobiles after referring to the central board and mentioning Its ambient air quality standards.

(c) Wildlife Act.

Ans: The Wild Life Protection Act of 1972, specifies for state wildlife advisory boards, guidelines for poaching wild animals and birds, the founding of sanctuaries and national parks, guidelines for trade in wild animals, animal products, and penalties for the defilement of the Act.

(d) Forest Act.

Ans: The Indian Forest Act was enacted in 1927 to consolidate laws related to forests, regulate the transit of forest produce, and levy duties on timber and other forest products.

It was later amended in 1980 (Forest Conservation Act, 1980), which made it mandatory to obtain prior approval from the Central Government before diverting any forest land for non-forest purposes. This amendment aimed to check deforestation and ensure sustainable use of forest resources.

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