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NIOS Class 12 Environmental Science Chapter 22 Cleaner Technologies
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Cleaner Technologies
Chapter: 22
Module 6: Sustainable Development
Textual Question Answer
INTEXT QUESTIONS 22.1
1. Name the six categories of waste found in the surroundings.
Ans: Industrial solid and liquid, municipal solid and liquid, gaseous and radioactive waste are generally found in the surroundings.
2. State the various ways the gaseous wastes can be used up.
Ans: Carbon dioxide emitted from various sources can be used to produce calcium carbonate; sulphur dioxide emitted can be converted into either elemental sulphur or gypsum. Gas from petroleum fields can be converted into methanol and petrol.
3. Define cleaner technology.
Ans: Cleaner technology is using industry to produce products and goods with minimum or no waste and pollution production.
4. What is “throw away” economy? How is it responsible for accumulating waste?
Ans: Throw away economy is using the products or goods once or partially and disposing it off as waste.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 22.2
1. What should be our priority in tackling waste management?
Ans: Waste prevention should be our priority rather than managing the waste once it has been produced.
2. What are the three Rs in waste management?
Ans: The three Rs in waste management are waste reduction, reuse and recycle. Reducing consumption and redesigning products we can reduce waste. Reuse of products will reduce waste. Waste can be turned into useful products by recycling.
3. Give examples of primary and secondary recycling.
Ans: Primary recycling when the waste is recycled into new product of the same type like old newspapers are recycled to produce new newsprint material. Secondary recycling occurs when the waste material is converted into different products like old automobile tyres are shredded and turned into materials to be used in rubberized road surfacing.
4. What is fuel efficient car? How does it save resources?
Ana: A fuel efficient car gives more milage with less petrol and hence valuable resource like petrol.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 22.3
1. What is ‘background radiation’?
Ans: We receive large amount of radiation from natural sources. It is present everywhere, all the time. This radiation is known as background radiation.
2. What is a radionuclide?
Ans: Radioactive atoms are known as “radionuclide”.
3. What are the different steps of the fuel cycle?
Ans: Mining of the radioactive area, processing to make it enriched, transporting to factories to turn it to fuel pellets, nuclear reaction to produce nuclear energy.
4. Name the two recent nuclear disasters and their consequences?
Ans: Three Mile Island (USA) in 1979 and Chernobyl (Ukraine) 1986. People at the site of the disaster suffered immediately by getting exposed to high dose of radiation. Their chances of cancer increased. Effect of radiation spread out at far away places exposing people to the risks of cancer and other health hazards.
5. Name three sites which can be used to dispose nuclear waste.
Ans: Sites with low precipitation, with deep water table and absence of surface water.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 22.4
1. What do you understand by life cycle of a product?
Ans: “Life cycle” of a product means major activities in the course of life span of a product that is acquiring the raw material to its manufacture, use, maintenance and final disposal.
2. What are the objectives of eco-labelling?
Ans: (i) Protecting the environment and making consumers aware of environmental issues.
(ii) Promoting efficient management of non-renewable resources including fossil fuel.
(iii) Encouraging protection of ecosystems and species diversity.
(iv) Encouraging management of resources so that they are protected for future generations.
(v) Encouraging proper management of (non toxic chemicals) in products.
3. What is the Indian ecolabel known as and what is the symbol?
Ans: It is known as “Eco-mark” and the symbol is an “Earthen Pot”. The earthen pot symbolizes biodegradable fully harmless material.
| TERMINAL EXERCISE |
1. Define the term ‘Cleaner Technology’. What is the main aim of management of this concept?
Ans: ‘Cleaner technology’ is using technology in industries in such a way that the environment is protected from harmful effects of waste accumulation and resulting pollution.
Aim: The goal is to make industrial production processes safer and more efficient by redesigning them using natural cues, that is, how nature deals with waste. In nature, the waste or leftovers of one organism becomes the food of another organism, so that the earth’s nutrients are constantly recycled.
2. List the six major types of wastes generally produced?
Ans: Waste is produced from various sources and in different states of matter.
Some of them are:
(i) Industrial solid waste.
(ii) Municipal solid waste.
(iii) Industrial liquid waste.
(iv) Municipal liquid waste.
(v) Gaseous waste.
(vi) Radio-active waste.
3. Explain briefly the three ‘R’s of waste management.
Ans: The waste management policy of the three Rs includes the reduction, reuse, and recycling of waste.
(a) Reducing usage and redesigning the product(s) are the easiest ways to minimize waste generation.
(b) Reuse of goods is an effective way to minimize the use of energy, reduce emissions and waste. Reuse ensures that the goods are washed and used again and over, thereby extending the life of the items.
(c) Recycling is an effective method of recycling discarded material and converting it into usable items that can be sold and reused.
4. Explain the following terms:
(a) Throw away economy.
Ans: Throw-away economy is a system where products are used once or for a short time and then discarded. It causes waste accumulation, increases demand for raw materials, and adds pressure on the environment.
(b) Bioremediation.
Ans: Bioremediation is the method of using microbes to neutralize or eliminate waste contamination. Bio refers to biological and remediation refers to healing.
(c) Ecolabelling.
Ans: Eco-friendly labeling of goods and materials derived from more efficient practices will help consumers determine whether eco-labeling goods and services can enable businesses to produce green products and services and help consumers choose products and services that are more environmentally favorable. Eco-labels are also used to certify that fish carrying eco-labels have been collected using Sustainable methods of harvesting, and Wood products have been certified, and trees have been harvested in compliance with the standards of sustainable forest management.
(d) Ecomark.
Ans: Eco-mark products are eco-friendly and are issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) as a certification mark for goods that are environmentally friendly and compliant with the standards laid down by the BlS.
5. Give three examples by which waste production can be reduced by redesigning products or processes?
Ans: Examples by which waste production can be reduced by redesigning products or processes:
(i) Use of hydrogen peroxide instead of toxic chlorine to bleach paper in the manufacturing process reduces.
(ii) Fuel-efficient cars which will give more mileage using fuel.
(iii) Car tiers designing which runs for longer distances before they get damaged.
6. Explain the term primary recycling and secondary recycling. Give examples.
Ans: Primary recycling, where waste is recycled into new items of the same kind as old newspapers, is recycled to create new newsprint content.
Secondary recycling occurs as discarded plastic is processed into a variety of Items, such as old vehicle tires, which are shredded and transformed into components for use in rubberized road surfaces.
7. Briefly state the steps of ‘fuel cycle’ and the hazards that they cause.
Ans: Steps:
(i) Mining of uranium ore.
(ii) Milling into yellowcake.
(iii) Enrichment and conversion into fuel rods.
(iv) Nuclear fission in reactors to produce energy.
(v) Management of spent fuel and disposal of nuclear waste.
Hazards:
Radiation leakage at every stage, storage and transport risks, accidents like Three Mile Island (1979, USA) and Chernobyl (1986, Ukraine) causing cancer, genetic damage, and long-term environmental pollution.
Each stage of the ‘carbon cycle’ (mining, refining, shipping, nuclear power, and energy production) poses a possible danger or hazard that is harmful to life on earth.
8. Explain briefly the two nuclear disasters that took place in 1979 and 1986 with regard to causes, effects and preventive measures.
Ans: Three Mile Island USA :
Three Mile Island disasters occurred on 14 March 1979. The primary pump broke down. The other auxiliary pumps ceased to operate and the power generation engíne stopped. The emergency coolant should have filled the reactor at this point in time to push down the temperature. The coolant began to pour, but the reactor did not cool, but the defective meter indicated otherwise. The high temperature forced the heart to melt and the nuclear steam tossed into the atmosphere. This tragedy was a radioactive one.
They evacuated pregnant women and infants from the crash scene. It was over a year before it was possible for someone to join the factory. Eventually, the faulty reactor was de-fueled in 1990 and the condition will be controlled until 2010.
This incident could have been prevented in case if the checking would have been done on a regular basis. Each and every part of the plant should have been checked before the starting and completion of every shift.
Chernobyl (Ukraine) :
A test was performed in Chernobyl on 25 April 1986 to measure the amount of energy that would be produced even though the steam was turned off but the turbine would still be spinning, Control rods were lowered into the core to reduce the output of steam. The cooling system was manually Switched off to avoid further interruption in testing. This was a gross breach of defense, The energy level of the reactor rose two thousand-fold as the test or trial progreSsed, the fuel rods separated, and the cooling water converted into steam.
There was an enormous blast, and the plant dome blew off the reactor’s steel roof. Radioactive fumes erupted and it is the Worst nuclear disaster in the world. People had radiation sÍckness, which boosted their odds of suffering from leukemia. In 15 countries, Chernobyl has put 300-400 million people at risk
In case, if the coolant would have been added at the time, the disaster could have been prevented from occurring.
9. State five sites and locations where nuclear wastes can be disposed off.
Ans: Sites should have the following features:
(i) Low rainfall.
(ii) Deep water table.
(iii) Slow movement of groundwater.
(iv) Absence of surface water.
(v) Tectonic stability (low chance of earthquakes).
10. Explain the concept of life cycle assessment of a product.
Ans: Life Cycle Evaluation (LCA) is essentially a term that examines the whole life cycle of a commodity. In other words, it is a “cradle to grave” approach to the evaluation of modern manufacturing processes. It actually includes all phases of the life cycle of the product, e.g., the extraction of raw materials, the shipment of materials producing the use of the product and the removal of the out-of-service product, etc. The word “life cycle” refers to the primary events in the lifetime of goods, from the procurement of raw materials to their production, usage, repair, and final disposal.
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