NIOS Class 12 Environmental Science Chapter 2 Environment And Human Society

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NIOS Class 12 Environmental Science Chapter 2 Environment And Human Society

Also, you can read the NIOS book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) Book guidelines. These solutions are part of NIOS All Subject Solutions. Here we have given NIOS Class 12 Environmental Science Chapter 2 Environment And Human Society Solutions, NIOS Senior Secondary Course Environmental Science Solutions for All Chapter, You can practice these here.

Environment And Human Society

Chapter: 2

Module 1: Environment Through Ages

Textual Question Answer

INTEXT QUESTIONS 2.1

1. Name two natural resources without which life cannot exist. 

Ans: Air and water.

2. State to uses each for (i) land and (ii) metals are used by humans. 

Ans: (i) Land- to make shelter, for agriculture, pottery etc.

(ii) Metals – to make tools, ornaments and other things.

3. State two uses of animals for humans.

Ans: As food and transport.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 2.2

1. Name the first stage of human evolution.

Ans: Australopithecus.

2. When did the ‘modern humans’ evolve? 

Ans: 200,000 years ago.

3. What do you mean by “hunters and gatherers”? Answer in one sentence.

Ans: Forage, plucks fruits and uproots plants and hunt animals.

4. Where did primitive humans live? 

Ans: Caves.

5. State the advantage of their being able to walk on their two feet?

Ans: Hands became free to make tools and carry out many other activities.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 2.3

1. With what did primitive humans make tools? 

Ans: Stone and metals.

2. State two uses of these tools.

Ans: Uproot plants, kill animals.

3. State two uses of fire by primitive humans.

Ans: Cook food and scare away animals.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 2.4

1. According to an archaeological study, how did foragers live?

Ans: In a temporary oval hut shelter which is often covered with plants.

2. When was primitive agricultural society formed?

Ans: About 10,000 years ago.

3. Which was the first domesticated animals? 

Ans: Dog.

4. Name three draught animals.

Ans: Bullock, camel, elephant.

5. When and where was wheel invented? 

Ans: Around 5000 years ago in Iraq and Syria.

INTEX QUESTIONS 2.5

1. List some steps towards industrialization.

Ans: Making wheels, constructing building, mining ore to make tools and ornaments.

2. Which metals were discovered by the primitive humans.

Ans: Copper, iron and bronze.

3. List four factors those lead to growth of industrialization.

Ans: Technical development, economic development, invention of wheel, beginning of mining, etc.

4. What the impact of industrialization upon nature.

Ans: Forest cut down, wild life has been threatened to extinction, and pollution from industries has made air impure and water bodies full of filth.

TERMINAL EXERCISE

1. Name the abiotic and biotic natural resources.

Ans: Abiotic resources include land, water, energy, petroleum and natural gas and metal ores or minerals.

Biotic resources include plants, animals and microorganisms.

2. Of what use are plants and animals to humans?

Ans: Plants provide shelters to different creatures. The wood for making houses, furniture, used as fuel, used in paper-mills for making paper is obtained from the plants. The oxygen, which is most important for survival, is evolved by the plants. Animals like birds from poultry, goat, and pigs are used as food. Silkworms provide silk for making clothes. Sheep are used for getting wool.

3. List 10 uses of water for human beings.

Ans: Water is used for different purposes like drinking, washing dishes, washing clothes, brushing, bathing, watering plants, house cleaning, cooking food, many domestic purposes, and irrigation purposes.

4. List the various sources of energy.

Ans: The sources of energy are of types of renewable and non-renewable. Non-renewable sources are petroleum, natural gas, and coal. These cannot be renewed and have a limited supply. The fuels for vehicles, LPG, and natural oils are obtained from coal and petroleum. The renewable resources are solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, biomass energy, hydropower, and geothermal energy. Renewable resources have infinite supply and can be reused again and again. Solar energy is obtained from the sun and is trapped using solar panels. Wind energy is used by the installation of windmills. Tidal energy is obtained from the tides of the oceans.

5. Trace the evolution of humans up to modern man.

Ans: Australopithecines were the earliest ancestors of modern man. They give rise to Homo habilis. Homo habilis was evolved into Homo erectus. The Neanderthal man and Homo sapiens (modern-day humans) were evolved from Homo erectus.

6. What do you mean by the statement “early men were hunters and gatherers.”

Ans: Early men used to hunt small animals for food. They were primarily dependent on animals for food supply. That is why they were called hunters. Later they started living in groups in gathered knowledge about different places, plants, and hunting techniques, hence called gatherers.

7. State the purposes for which primitive man made tools.

Ans: The tools made from stones were used for hunting large animals such as rhinoceroses, elephants, and other wild animals. They made tools like axes from the quartz, or volcanic rocks to uproot the trees easily and get their edible parts.

8. Primitive humans were thrilled to discover fire and why?

Ans: Early men find different uses of fire as the meat becomes tender and easy to digest when cooked in the fire. Fire scares the wild animals and keeps them away from the shelter of early men. Colonizing the colder area of the planet became easy with the use of fire.

9. How did humans think of cultivating crops?

Ans: Humans started cultivation of crops when they stayed in one place by making oval huts as their permanent shelters. The crop cultivation continued, and the food supply goes stable for them, They also trapped animals for eating that were attracted by the crop-fields.

10. What changes took place in the behaviour and life style of primitive humans after they became agriculturists?

Ans: When primitive humans started agriculture, they stayed in one place as they were getting food that was enough for them. Earlier, they use to roam to different places in search of food. They made their permanent houses when they became agriculturist, developed their societies, and increased their population.

11. What do you mean by “bronze age” and “Iron age”?

Ans: Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. The smiths started using bronze around 2500 BC. It was the bronze age before this copper was used for making weapons with sharp-edge and axes. After the use of bronze, Iron was used around 1200 BC, and this was the iron age.

12. State the factors which led to industrialization.

Ans: The factors that started industrialization are the invention of wheels. The wheels made up of slices of the logs were used first, and then stronger wheels of wood were made. The second is the beginning of construction of houses, buildings, and the third is the discovery of metals and then mining of ores of metal for making tools and ornamental. Industrialization started when primitive humans started making shelters, the cultivation of crops started, and the demands of the growing population increases. The formation of different industries due to the increased demands of the population was the reason behind industrialization.

13. What impact did years of use by growing population of humans have on environmental resources?

Ans: Environmental resources are being depleted by the growing population. The land that was covered with forests is continuously changing into agricultural land for which trees are cutting down on a larger scale. The industrialization has led to the pollution of air, water, and soil. The fertile land in several places has been converted into barren lands. Climate change and global warming are becoming global issues and the threat to the life-forms on the planet due to the over-exploitation of natural resources.