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NIOS Class 12 Biology Chapter 16 Locomotion and Movement
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Locomotion and Movement
Chapter: 16
MODULE – II: FORM AND FUNCTION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS
NIOS TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS ANSWERS
INTEXT QUESTIONS 16.1
1. What would you call the following as – movement (M) or locomotion (L)?
(i) The elephant uses its trunks to pick up sticks.
Ans: (M).
(ii) The cow uses its tail to drive away flies.
Ans: (M).
(iii) A mouse runs into a hole.
Ans: (L).
(iv) The bees leave their hive in search of pollen.
Ans: (L).
(v) Johan kicks the football into the goal.
Ans: (M).
(vi) The cat jumps on to the window.
Ans: (L).
INTEXT QUESTIONS 16.2
1. State the similarity in internal structure between a cilium and a flagellum as learnt in lesson 4 of your text book?
Ans: Both cilium and flagellum are made of microtubules arranged in a similar manner.
2. What is an effective stroke? Which stroke is called the recovery stroke as depicted during ciliary movement!
Ans: (i) Fast Stroke = The cilium beats to move ahead.
(ii) Recovery Stroke = The cilium benisrack to original position.
3. State the difference between flagella and cilia with regard to location and number.
Ans: Differences between Cilia and Flagella:
| Basis | Cilia | Flagella |
| (i) Location | Cilia the all over body. | Flagella lies at anterior or posterior end. |
| (ii) Number | The cilia may be many. | Flagella may be one or two. |
INTEXT QUESTIONS 16.3
1. Name the structure that connects (i) a bone to another bone (ii) muscle to bone. Which type of tissue are these?
Ans: (i) Ligament.
(ii) Tendon.
These are connective tissues.
2. Why is muscle cell also called muscle fibre?
Ans: Due to its elongated structure, muscle cell is called muscle fibre.
3. Why is the mechanism of muscle contraction called ‘sliding movement’?
Ans: As the thick and the thin myofilaments slide over each other and hence cause muscle contraction.
4. What is the chemical composition of myofilaments.
Ans: Protein is main component of the myofilaments.
5. In a muscle, where can you find the following? Myofilaments, muscle fibres.
Ans: (i) The myofilaments occur in muscle fibre.
(ii) The muscle fibres occur in muscle tissue.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 16.4
1. Name an animal with endoskeleton and one with exoskeleton.
Ans: Humans have endoskeleton.
Drawn has exoskeleton.
Molluarea have shells (exoskeleton).
2. Name main parts of skeleton and mention their functions.
Ans: Two parts of skeleton are:
(i) axial.
(ii) appendicular skeleton.
Functions of Skeleton:
(i) Support.
(ii) Ptotection to internal organs of body.
(iii) Locomotion & the movement.
(iv) Blood cells synthesis occur in bone marrow, Skeleton gives shape to body.
3. Name any two disorders of the musculo-skeletal system which are hereditary.
Ans: Two Disorders are:
(i) Myaesthenia gravis.
(ii) Muscular dystrophy.
4. What causes osteoporesis and gout?
Ans: Osteoporosis: It is caused by lack of calcium in body.
Gout: It is caused by high level of uric acid in blood.
5. Which limbs are supported by which girdles and which kind of muscles are attached to the limb skeleton?
Ans: (i) Pectoral girdle supports fore limbs.
(ii) Pelvic girdle support hind limb.
Striped or striated muscles remain attached to limb skeleton.
TERMINAL EXERCISES
1. Distinguish between the following pairs of terms:
(i) movement and locomotion.
Ans: Difference Between Movement & Locomotion:
| Sl. No | Movement | Locomotion |
| 1 | Some parts of body move e.g., plants leaves move. | In it entire body of an animal moves and cover a distance e.g., Protozoan animals. |
| 2 | e.g. geotropism photoprism. | e.g., Bacteria protoctista move by flagella and cilia. |
| 3 | Cytoplasm shows streaming Movements. | In includes flying, running jumping etc. |
(ii) thick and thin myofilaments.
Ans: Difference Between Thick And Thin Filaments:
| S.No | Thick Filaments | Thin Filaments |
| 1 | It is made of Myosin protein. | It is made of Actin protein. |
| 2 | Contractile Proteins. | Contractile Proteins. |
Fig. Structure of myosin and actin filaments.
(iii) tendon and ligament.
Ans: Difference Between Tendon and Ligament:
| S. No | Tendon | Ligament |
| 1 | It is formed of white fibrous connective tissue. | It is formed of yellow fibrous tissue. |
| 2 | Fibroblasts are arranged in rows between the bundles of white fibres. | Fibroblasts are scattered in matrix. It is a band of tissue that joins 2 bones together. |
| 3 | It is tough and non-flexible tissue. | It is elastic and flexible. |
| 4 | It joins muscle to bones. | It joins bones together. |
(iv) cilia and flagella.
Ans: Difference Between Cilia And Flagella:
| S.No | Cilia | Flagella |
| 1 | More in number. | Few in number may be 1 or 2. |
| 2 | e.g., Paramecium protozoan. | Englena (protozoan). |
| 3 | Comparatively small beat starts with fast stroke, ends in recovery stroke. | Long whip like organelle made of micro-tubules. |
(v) tropic and nastic movement.
Ans: Difference Between Tropic And Nartic Movements:
| S. No | Tropic Movement | Nastic Movement |
| 1 | Movement occurs in response to external stimuli e.g., light and gravity. | Induced by stimuli e.g., contact |
| 2 | Geotropism- Stimulus is gravity | Flowers of Partulace bloom in daytime stimulus is day length. |
| 3 | Plant remain fixed but its parts move in response to a stimulus. | Direction of the movement of an organ remain fixed; stimulus can came from any direction. |
2. Enlist the steps in muscle contraction as explained by sliding filament theory.
Ans: A brief summary of events of muscle contraction:
Fig. Steps of muscle contraction based on sliding filament theory.
3. How does Paramecium swim in water?
Ans: Paramecium: Cilia beat ® start with fast stroke in one direction ® Effective stroke ® it bends back ® returns to its original pisetion ® IInd stroke is called Recovery stroke ® water is propelled to ciliated surface now.
Fig. (a) Effective stroke of a cilium, (b) Recovery stroke of a cilium, (c) Metachronous wavy movement of a row of Cilia.
4. Answer in one word or sentence.
(i) What is the shape of actin molecule?
Ans: Globular.
(ii) What is the chemical nature of troponin and tropomyosin?
Ans: Proteins.
(iii) What is meant by recovery stroke of cilia?
Ans: Cilia returns to original position after bending.
(iv) Give an example each of geotropism and phototropism.
Ans: Geotroprism. Roots enter in soil.
Phototropism. Shoot moves away from soil.
(v) Why do we say that vertebrate muscle contraction is energy dependent?
Ans: Since ATP is needed for it.
