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NCERT Class 12 Home Science Chapter 7 Management of Support Services
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Management of Support Services, Institutions and Programmes for Children, Youth and Elderly
Chapter – 7
| PART – Ⅰ HUMAN ECOLOGY AND FAMILY SCIENCES |
| Unit – ⅠⅠⅠ Human Development and Family Studies |
Review Questions:
Review Questions:
1. Why are children, youth and elderly vulnerable?
Ans: Children, youth, and the elderly are often considered vulnerable populations due to various factors associated with their respective life stages.
Here are some reasons why each group is considered vulnerable:
Children: Children are vulnerable because childhood is a period of rapid development in all domains, and development in one area influences development in all others. In order for the child to grow optimally in all areas, it is important that the child’s needs for food, shelter, health care, love, nurturance and stimulation be met in a holistic manner. Adverse experiences can have a lasting impact on the child’s development.
All children are vulnerable, but some are more vulnerable than others. These are the children who are living in such challenging conditions and difficult circumstances that their basic needs of food, health, care and nurturance are not met and this prevents them from developing their full potential.
Youth: The National Youth Policy, 2014 defined ‘youth’ as persons in the age group of 15–29 years. Those between 13 and 19 years are called adolescents. Our national progress depends, crucially, on the ways and means through which youth are encouraged and nurtured as a positive force for national growth and are enabled to contribute to socio-economic development. Youth is a vulnerable period due to many reasons. During this period an individual is trying to come to terms with many biological changes in her/ his body which have an impact on the person’s sense of well-being and identity. This is also the period when the individual is preparing to take on adult roles, two of the foremost being earning a livelihood and marriage, followed by raising a family.
Elderly vulnerable: The elderly are a vulnerable group due to various reasons. Firstly, health is a major concern for many individuals at this age. The elderly are more vulnerable to disease because of decreased physiological reserves and defence mechanisms. Besides illness, the aging process itself leads to certain disabilities such as low vision and blindness resulting from cataracts, deafness resulting from nerve impairment, loss of mobility from arthritis and a general inability to care for oneself. Secondly, in the family life cycle for many, this may be a period when they find themselves alone because the children are likely to have moved away from the family either because of marriage or to earn a living.
2. What type of programmes are appropriate for youth?
Ans: Type of programmes are appropriate for youth are mentioned below:
(i) The National Service Scheme (NSS) aims at involving college level students in programmes of social service and national development like construction and repair of roads, school buildings, village ponds, tanks, activities related to environmental and ecological improvement like tree plantation, removal of weeds from lakes, digging pits, activities related to hygiene and sanitation, family welfare, child-care, mass immunisation, vocational training in craft, tailoring, knitting, and organising co-operatives. NSS students also render assistance to local authorities for implementing various relief and rehabilitation programmes to meet the needs of the economically and socially weaker sections of the community.
(ii) The National Service Volunteer Scheme provides opportunities to students (who have completed their first degree) to involve themselves, on a whole-time basis for a short period of one or two years, in programmes of national development mainly through Nehru Yuva Kendras. They are involved in programmes of adult education, establishment of youth clubs, organisation of work camps, youth leadership training programmes, vocational training, promotion of rural sports and games, etc.
(iii) Promotion of Adventure: Many youth clubs and voluntary organisations organise activities like mountaineering, trekking, hiking, exploration for collection of data, study of flora and fauna in the mountains, forests, deserts and sea, canoeing, coastal sailing, raft-exhibitions, swimming, cycling, etc., by using the financial assistance provided by the government for promotion of adventure. These activities are aimed at encouraging the spirit of adventure, risk-taking, co-operative team-work, capacity of ready and vital response to challenging situations and endurance among the youth. Government also provides assistance for establishment and development of institutions to facilitate such activities.
(iv) Scouts and Guides: The Government provides financial support for training scouts and guides, organising rallies, jamborees, etc. This aims at developing the character of boys and girls to make them good citizens by inculcating in them a spirit of loyalty, patriotism and thoughtfulness for others. It also promotes balanced physical and mental development and inculcates a desire for social service.
(v) Commonwealth Youth Programme: India is participating in the Commonwealth Youth Programme which is aimed at making the youth participate in development processes of their respective countries and to provide a forum for increasing cooperation and understanding among the Commonwealth countries. Under this programme, three regional centres for advanced studies in youth work have been set up in India, Zambia and Guyana. The Asia Pacific Regional Centre has been set up at Chandigarh, India.
(vi) Promotion of National Integration: Financial assistance is given by the Government to many voluntary agencies to organise visits of youth living in one state to another state with marked cultural differences, in order to promote greater understanding of the historical and cultural heritage of the country, of the problems being faced by the people of different regions and environment, social customs etc. In other parts of the country. Camps, seminars, etc. Are also organised with the objective of promoting national integration.
3. What are some of the concerns with respect to the elderly?
Ans: Several concerns are associated with the elderly population, reflecting the unique challenges and vulnerabilities that can arise during the aging process.
Here are some common concerns with respect to the elderly:
(i) Technology and Digital Literacy:
(a) Digital Exclusion: Concerns about the digital divide and the potential for social isolation due to limited access or understanding of technology.
(b) Online Scams: Vulnerability to online scams and fraud targeting older individuals who may be less familiar with digital threats. Addressing these concerns requires a comprehensive approach involving healthcare, social services, legal protections, and community support to ensure the well-being and dignity of the elderly population. Advocacy for policies that support healthy aging and address these specific issues is crucial.
(ii) Mental Health Issues:
(a) Depression and Anxiety: Increased risk of depression and anxiety, often associated with factors like health concerns, loss of loved ones, and social isolation.
(b) Grief and Loss: Coping with the loss of friends, spouses, or family members.
(iii) Financial Insecurity:
(a) Fixed Incomes: Reliance on fixed incomes, such as pensions or social security, which may not keep pace with the rising cost of living.
(b) Elder Financial Abuse: Vulnerability to financial exploitation or abuse, including scams targeting the elderly.
(iv) Elder Abuse and Neglect:
(a) Physical and Emotional Abuse: Concerns about physical, emotional, or psychological abuse by caregivers, family members, or institutional staff.
(b) Neglect: Issues related to neglect, inadequate care, or abandonment.
(v) Access to Healthcare:
(a) Healthcare Disparities: Disparities in access to healthcare services, especially in rural or underserved areas.
(b) Limited Transportation: Challenges in accessing medical facilities due to limited transportation options.
(vi) Housing and Living Arrangements:
(a) Affordable Housing: Limited options for affordable and age-appropriate housing.
(b) Assisted Living Challenges: Concerns about the quality of care in assisted living facilities or nursing homes.
(vii) Social Isolation and Loneliness:
(a) Loss of Social Networks: The death of friends or family members and the potential for social isolation due to physical limitations or living arrangements.
(b) Limited Mobility: Physical challenges that may restrict the ability to participate in social activities.
(viii) Elder Rights and Legal Issues:
(a) Legal Protections: Concerns about the protection of elder rights, including issues related to guardianship and legal decision-making capacity.
(b) Estate Planning: Challenges related to estate planning, wills, and ensuring that the wishes of the elderly are respected.
(ix) End-of-Life Care:
(a) Quality of Palliative Care: Concerns about the quality of end-of-life care and the ability to access appropriate palliative and hospice services.
(b) Advance Directives: Ensuring that individuals’ wishes regarding end-of-life care are clearly communicated and respected.
(x) Health Issues:
(a) Chronic Conditions: Increased prevalence of chronic health conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes, and arthritis.
(b) Cognitive Decline: Concerns related to dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and other forms of cognitive decline.
4. Describe two programmes each for children, youth and elderly.
Ans: Two programmes each for children, youth and elderly are mentioned below:
(i) Children: Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) of the Government of India. It is the world’s largest early childhood programme which aims to meet the health, nutrition, stimulation and early learning / education needs of children below six years of age in an integrated manner so as to foster their development. The programme offers health, nutrition and hygiene education to mothers, non-formal pre-school education to children aged three to six, supplementary feeding for all children below six years and diet for pregnant and nursing mothers, growth monitoring and basic healthcare services such as immunisation and vitamin A supplements. The programme today covers over 41 million children. These services are delivered in an integrated manner at the childcare centre named ‘anganwadi’.
(ii) SOS Children’s Villages: This is an independent non-governmental social organisation which has pioneered a family approach to the long term care of orphaned and abandoned children. SOS villages have the vision of providing family-based, long-term care to children who can no longer grow up with their biological families. In each SOS home there is a ‘mother’ who looks after 10-15 children. This unit lives like a family and the children experience relationships and love once again, which helps children to recover from traumatic experiences. They grow up in a stable family environment, and are supported individually until they become independent young adults. The SOS families live together, forming a supportive ‘village’ environment. They are integrated with the local community and contribute to the social life.
Youth:
(i) The National Service Scheme (NSS) aims at involving college level students in programmes of social service and national development like construction and repair of roads, school buildings, village ponds, tanks, activities related to environmental and ecological improvement like tree plantation, removal of weeds from lakes, digging pits, activities related to hygiene and sanitation, family welfare, child-care, mass immunisation, vocational training in craft, tailoring, knitting, and organising co-operatives. NSS students also render assistance to local authorities for implementing of various relief and rehabilitation programmes to meet the needs of the economically and socially weaker sections of the community.
(ii) The National Service Volunteer Scheme provides opportunities to students (who have completed their first degree) to involve themselves, on a whole-time basis for a short period of one or two years, in programmes of national development mainly through Nehru Yuva Kendras. They are involved in programmes of adult education, establishment of youth clubs, organisation of work camps, youth leadership training programmes, vocational training, promotion of rural sports and games, etc. The Nehru Yuvak Kendras also aim to enable the non-student youth of the rural areas to contribute to development in the rural areas. Through the various activities the Kendras aim to popularise nationally accepted objectives such as self-reliance, secularism, socialism, democracy, national integration and development of scientific temper. Some such activities are non-formal education, social service camps, development of sports activities for young people, cultural and recreational programmes, vocational training, youth leadership training camps and promotion and establishment of youth clubs. These activities are organised for the purpose of helping the non-student youth acquire literacy and numeracy skills for self-reliance, upgrade their functional capabilities, and make them aware of possibilities of their development, thus making the youth functionally efficient, economically productive and socially useful.
Elderly:
(i) Programmes catering to the basic needs of Older Persons particularly food, shelter and health care to the destitute elderly.
(ii) Programmes to build and strengthen intergenerational relationships particularly between children/youth and Older Persons.
5. What advice will you give to someone who is planning to set up her/his own institution for children/youth/elderly?
Ans: Setting up an institution for children, youth, or the elderly requires thoughtful planning and a deep commitment to meeting the specific needs of your target group. First, it’s essential to define a clear purpose for your institution whether it’s focused on education, healthcare, skill development, or social support. Understanding the unique needs of your audience is crucial, as children, youth, and the elderly each require different approaches in terms of care, education, and engagement. Compliance with local regulations and safety standards should be prioritized, as well as ensuring the physical environment is safe, accessible, and conducive to growth. Financial sustainability is also key; a well-researched business model that includes potential funding sources such as donations, fees, or grants will help ensure long-term viability. Building a passionate and qualified team, equipped with the necessary training, is critical for the success of your institution. Finally, regularly evaluating your programs, gathering feedback, and staying connected with your community will help you adapt and continuously improve the services you offer. In all of this, maintaining your passion and commitment to the cause will inspire both your staff and the individuals you serve.
6. Describe the knowledge and skills you will need in order to pursue a career in management of institutions and programmes for children/youth/elderly.
Ans: The career in the management of institutions and programs for children, youth, or the elderly, you will need a combination of knowledge, skills, and practical experience. First, a solid understanding of human development across different age groups is essential, including the physical, emotional, and cognitive needs of children, youth, and elderly individuals. You should also be knowledgeable about the social, psychological, and healthcare challenges these groups face. Additionally, skills in leadership, communication, and conflict resolution are crucial for managing diverse teams and fostering positive environments. Organizational and financial management skills are necessary to plan and oversee programs, ensuring resources are used effectively. Knowledge of relevant laws, regulations, and ethical practices is also important to ensure compliance and safeguard the well-being of individuals under care. Furthermore, you will need to be empathetic, patient, and culturally sensitive to work effectively with vulnerable populations. Finally, staying updated on trends in social work, healthcare, and technology will help you adapt programs to meet evolving needs.
