Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Secondary Activities

Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Secondary Activities Question answer to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse throughout different chapters SCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Secondary Activities and select need one.

Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Secondary Activities

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Also, you can read the AHSEC book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per AHSEC (CBSE) Book guidelines. These solutions are part of AHSEC All Subject Solutions. Here we have given Assam Board/NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Secondary Activities Solutions for All Subject, You can practice these here.

Secondary Activities

Chapter: 6

PART-1

GEOGRAPHY

TEXTUAL QUESTION & ANSWER

Q.1. In which one of the following types of industries produces raw materials for other industries?

(a) Basic industries

(b) Small-scale industries

(c) Footloose industries 

(d) Cottage industries

Ans :- (a) Basic industries

Q.2. In which one of the following types of economy are the factors of production owned individually?

(a) Socialist

(b) Capitalist

(c)  Mixed

(d) None of the above

Ans :-  (b) Capitalist

Q.3. Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched?

(a) Iron and steel industry    …Bhilai

(b) Automobile industry industry  …Los Angeles

(c) Shipbuilding Industry   …Lusaka

(d) Aircraft industry    …Florence

Ans: (a) Iron and steel industry.      …Bhilai

VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER

Q.4. What is the footloose industry?

Ans :-  Which industries are not wedded to any particular raw material, called footloose industries.

Q.5. What is an agro-based industry?

Ans :- The agro based industry involves the processing of raw materials from the field and the farm into finished products for the market.

Q.6. What does ‘White Collar means?

Ans :- White collar worker, a salaried professional worker who performs semi-processional office, administrative and sales coordination tasks.

Q.7. What does ‘Blue Collar means?

Ans :-  The workers engaged in secondary activities are called Blue collar workers.

Q.8. What is the purpose of all economic activities?

Ans :-  The purpose of all economic activities is earning money.

Q.9. What is the consumer Goods Industry?

Ans :-  Which industries produce goods which are consumed by consumers directly are called consumer goods industries.

Q.10. What do you mean by “Technopolis’?

Ans :- High – tech industries which are regionally concentrated self sustained and highly specialized are called technopolis.

Q.11. What do you mean by Agri-business?

Ans :-  Agri – business is commercial farming on an industrial scale often financed by business whose main interests lie outside agriculture.

SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER (MARKS -3)

Q.12. Write a short note on the High-Tech industry.

Ans :-  High -Tech Industry is the latest generation of manufacturing activities. It is that type of industry in which application of intensive research and development (R and D) efforts leads to the manufacture of products of an advanced scientific and engineering character.

In this industry workers are highly skilled and specialized. Robotics on the assembly line, computer aided design etc. are the examples of the High Tech Industry.

Q.13. Give an explanatory note on Footloose industries. 

Ans :-. Footloose industries are those in which components are obtained from anywhere and they can be located in a wide variety of places. Footloose industries are not dependent on any specific raw material, weight losing or otherwise. They produce in small quantities and also employ a small labour force. These are generally not polluting industries. The accessibility by road network is the important locational factor of these industries.

Q.14. Write a short note on forest based industries. 

Ans :-  The forests provide many major and minor products which are used as raw material. Timber for furniture industry, wood, bamboo and grass far paper industry, etc.

Q.15. Give a brief note on classification of industries on the basis of their sizes. 

Ans :-  On the basis of size the industries can be classified into three categories :

(i) Cottage or household

(ii) Small scale

(iii) Large Scale

(i) Household or cottage industries : The size of cottage industries are small. It is the smallest manufacturing unit. In these types of industries local raw materials are used and the family members help in production. The use of tools is very simple and they produce everyday usable goods. The investment of capital is also less. Finished products may be for consumption in the same household or barter. Weaving bamboo tools, making pot are examples of cottage industries.

(ii) Small scale industries : The small scale industries are wider in size than cottage industries. This type of manufacturing uses local raw materials, simple power driven machines and semi skilled labour. It provides employment and raises local purchasing power. India has developed labour- intensive small scale manufacturing in order to provide employment to her population

(iii) Large scale industries : The size of large scale industries are very large. These types of industries are very large. These types of industries involve a large market, various raw materials, enormous energy, specialized and large numbers of labour, and advanced technology. Assembly line mass production and large capital.

(iv) On the basis of system of large scale manufacturing, the world regions of industries may be grouped into two types 

(a) Traditional large scale industries 

(b) High technology large scale industries.

Q.16. Give a brief note on classification of industries on the basis of ownership.

Ans :- On the basis of ownership, industries are classified into three sectors:

(i) Private sector industries

(ii) Public sector industries and

(iii) Joint sector industries.

(i) Private sector industries : Private sector industries are owned by individual investors. These are managed and maintained by private organizations. The private sector industries are not controlled by the government. The private sector encompasses all for profit business In capitalist countries, industries are generally owned privately

(ii) Public sector: Public sector industries are owned by the government. This sector is managed totally by the government socialistic countries have many state owned industries they are maintained by the state government. In India there are many public sector industries established and managed by the government of India.

(iii) Joint sector industries : Joint sector industries are owned jointly by the government and the private individuals who have contributed together to the capital, but the day to day management is in private hands. Joint sector industries are cooperators between the private sector and public sector.

Q.17. Give an explanatory note on Joint Sector Industries. 

Ans :-  Joint sector industries are owned jointly by the government and private individuals who have contributed to the capital. In the joint sector, both the public sector and private sector join hands to establish new enterprise. It combines the merits of both the public and private sector. The concept of the joint sector matches with the concept of mixed economy. ? As a mixed economy is the combination of both capitalism and socialism, the joint sector is a combination of both public sector and private sector. In the joint sector financial participation is 26% from the government, 25% from private enterprise and 49% from public and financial institutions. In case of a foreign collaboration or participation with a domestic partner, the share of government will be 25% Indian business concern 20%, foreign investor 20% and public 35% in the paid up capital. No single party can hold more than 25% of the shares without the sanction of the central government.

Q.18. Write a short note on the necessity of Mechanisation in the Modern economy.

Ans :-  Mechanisation refers to using gadgets which accomplish tasks. Automation (which aids human thinking during the manufacturing process) is the advanced stage of mechanisation. Automatic factories with feedback and closed-loop computer control systems have sprung up all over the world in the modern times.

LONG TYPE QUESTION & ANSWERS (MARKS-3)

Q.1. Give an account on the characteristics of Modern Manufacturing Industries. 

Ans :- Modern manufacturing industries have various characteristics.

These are given below :

(i) Specialization of skill or method of production : Modern manufacturing industries are run with skill labour and the method of production is very scientific and planned.

(ii) Mechanization : Modern manufacturing industries are highly mechanized. There are more machines than man.

(iii) Technological innovation : The technological innovation through research and development strategy are an important aspect of modern manufacturing for quality control, eliminating waste and inefficiency, and combating pollution.

(iv) Organizational structure and stratification : the modern manufacturing industries are characterized by a complex martin technology. vast capital, executive bureaucracy.

(v) Uneven geographic distribution : Modern manufacturing has flourished in a number of places.

(vi) Access to market : The existence of a market for manufactured goods is the essential characteristics of modern manufacturing industries.

(vii) Access to raw material

(viii) Access to labour supply

(ix) Access to sources of energy

(x) Access to transportation and communication facilities.

LONG TYPE QUESTION & ANSWERS (MARKS-5)

Q.1. Discuss the differences between primary and secondary activities.

Ans :- Primary activities :

(a) The activities which are concerned with collecting or making available materials provided by nature are termed as primary activities.

(b) Man in direct contact with nature or dependent on the environment. 

(c) Hunting and gathering, pastoral activities, fishing. forestry, agriculture, mining and quarrying etc. are the examples of primary activities.

(d) Production of these activities are very low

(e) Less economic development

(f) It needs a low level of technology with minimum capital investment.

(g) Manpower is the chief power in these activities.

Secondary Activities :

(a) Activities which transform the material provided by primary activities into commodities more directly useful to man are referred to as secondary activities.

(b) No direct contact with nature or not dependent on the environment.

(c) Manufacturing of various products like textiles, iron and steel, cement. etc, are the examples of secondary activities.           

(d) Production of secondary activities is high.

(e) High economic development

(f) It needs a high level of technology with high capital investment.

(g) Machine power is the chief power in such activities.

Q.2. Give the reasons why most of the high-tech industries in many countries are being set up in the peripheral areas of major metropolitan centres.

Ans :- High- Tech industries in many countries are being attracted to the peripheral areas of major metropolitan centres, due to the following reasons : 

(a) It need pollutant free areas

(b) High-Tech industries need healthy spaced, low, modern, dispersed, office-plant lab buildings. These are only available at the peripheral areas of metropolitan centres. So they are moving towards such areas.

(c) It does not need a massive assembly structure. Most of the core or central areas of the metropolitan centres are massive assembly structures, which are not favourable conditions for high-tech industries.

(d) Besides massive structure in and around the core areas of metropolitan centres such areas are full of factories and various storages.

(e) The peripheral areas of the metropolitan centres are also the areas of white collar workers. So such industries are attracted by peripheral areas of major metropolitan centres.

Q.3. Explain why Africa having immense natural resources remains industrially backward. 

Ans :-  Due to the following reasons the continent of Africa remained industrially the most backward although it has a lot of natural resources.

(a) The climatic conditions almost throughout the continent are very harsh.

(b) The physiography or the relief feature of the continent is very uneven, where modern means of transportations are not well developed. 

(c) All the countries of Africa are very poor or underdeveloped.

(d) Technologically, all the African countries are very backwards. 

(e)For a long period, most of the African states remained under foreign rulers, where economic development was not given by foreign rulers.

(f) Due to rugged topography and harsh climatic conditions the greater part of the continent is covered by dense forest and hot desert where industrial development is not possible in spite of availability of natural resources.

(g) Most of the countries of the continent are busy fighting in which. no industrial development is possible.

Q.4. Describe the major trends of industrial activities in the developed countries of the world. 

Ans :-  Trends of industrial activities in the developed countries of the world are :

(A) Specialisation of Skills/Methods of Production :

(i) Under the craft method, factories produce only a few pieces which are made-to-order.

(i) In this method costs are high.

(iii) On the other hand, mass production involves production of large quantities of standardised parts by each worker. 

(iv) A particular worker performs only one task repeatedly.

(B) Mechanisation :

(i) Mechanisation refers to using gadgets which accomplish tasks.

(ii) Automation (without aid of human thinking during the manufacturing process) is the advanced stage of mechanisation. 

(iii) Automatic factories with feedback and closed-loop computer control systems have sprung up all over the world in the modern times.

(C) Technological Innovation :

(i) Technological innovation through research and development strategy are an important aspect of modern manufacturing. 

(ii) They result in quality control, elimination of waste and inefficiency, and combating of pollution. 

(D) Organisational Structure and Stratification:

(i) A complex machine technology

(ii) Extreme specialisation and division of labour for producing more goods with less effort, and low costs.

(iii) Vast capital.

(iv) Large organisations, and

(v) Executive bureaucracy. 

Q.5. What are the secondary activities? Give some examples of secondary activities.

Ans :-  Examples of secondary activities are :

(a) Activities which transform the material provided by primary activities into commodities more directly useful to man are referred to as secondary activities.

(b) No direct contact with nature or not dependent on the environment. 

(c) Manufacturing of various products like textiles, iron and steel. cement, etc, are the examples of secondary activities.

(d) Production of secondary activities is high.

(e) High economic development

(f) It needs a high level of technology with high capital investment.

(g) Machine power is the chief power in such activities.

Example : Iron ore into pig iron and steel.

Q.6. Give an account of the Cotton textile industry of the world. 

Ans :- Cotton textile industry is the most important among the textile industries and especially the most widespread Cotton accounts for about half of the industrial fiber consumption of the world. The tradition of producing cotton goods at household level is there in many countries of the world. The largest concentrations are in the USSR, China, India, USA, Japan, Pakistan, French and UK. The other important producers of the Cotton textile are Germany, Poland, Italy, Romania etc.

The United Kingdom is the pioneer of the modern textile industry. But she no longer dominates the world as once she did. The British Cotton textile industry is located in Lancashire and Manchester. About 90% of the total cotton spindles and looms of the UK are located in Lancashire region Glasgow is also an important centre of the textile industry of the United kingdom.

Before the soviet revolution, the central Region of USSR accounted for 85% of the production of cotton textile. Now this industry has made spectacular progress in the rural region, Caucasian region and southern kagakhtar. tulun. etc.

The first successful cotton mill of USA was started in Rhodes Island The cotton textile industry of the USA is localized in three major regions

(i) New England.

(ii) The middle Atlantic States and

(iii) The southern states. 

China is the second largest producer of cotton textile in the world. Most cotton mills of china are localized, north of the Yangtze Valley, Manchuria and western region.

India is the 3rd largest producer of cotton textile. Due to various favourable growing factors and producing factors the cotton textile industry of India is highly localized in Ahmedabad and Bombay areas. Most of the cotton textile industry in India today, also concentrate in Maharashtra, Gujrat, Tamilnadu. Uttar pradesh. Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal.

Q.7. Describe the characteristics of modern large scale manufacturing.

Ans :- Modern manufacturing industries have a lot of characteristics.

Some of the noted characteristics are discuss below :

(i) Specialisation of skills or methods of production : Under the “craft” method factories produce only a few pieces which are made to order. So the costs are high. On the other hand mass

production involves production of large quantities of standardised parts by each worker performing only one task repeatedly.

(ii) Mechanisation : All modern manufacturing is run with machines.

(iii) Technological innovation: It is a very important step of modern manufacturing because it shaped the quality, control eliminating waste and inefficiency and combating pollution.

(iv) Organisational structure and stratification : It includes–

(a) a complex machine technology

(b) division of labour

(c) vast capital 

(d) large organisation

(e) executive bureaucracy

(v) Uneven Geographic distribution : Such manufacturing has flourished in a few number of places. These cover less than 10 percent of the world’s land area.

(vi) Access to the market is another major characteristic of modern manufacturing.

(vii) It needs access to raw material.

(viii) Access to labour supply is another noted characteristic of this industry, skilled and cheap labours are most essential in this regard.

(ix) Access of sources of energy, it includes coal, hydroelectricity or petroleum.

(x) Transportation and communication facilities are also essential conditions of such industries.

(xi) Government policy also promotes balanced economic development.

Q.8. Discuss the factors influencing the location of industries.

Ans :-  Industries are not evenly distributed over an area or a country within a country some parts are industrially developed and rest are not. It is due to various factors. There are certain common factors which generally determine the location of industries.

They are as below :

(i) Raw material : Raw material is a basic need for every kind of industry. Raw material may be two types impure and lose weight and pure and do not lose weight. Which industry requires the weight losing raw material. They are attracted to establishments near the raw material producing area. For example, the iron and textile industry. sugarcane industry etc.

(ii) Power : Modern industries are run by power generated from coal running water, petroleum, natural gas and atomic minerals. Therefore the industries are localized near to the power centre. For example, industries using hydro-electric power must be located within a distance of about 600 km from the power generating centre.

(iii) Labour : The availability of labour, especially skilled labour is also an important factor for industrial location. The location of a manufacturing plant in an area favoured by the presence of surplus labour. In an area of surplus labour, the wage rate will be somewhat less, and the people will be willing to work at lower wages.

(iv) Capital : Modern manufacturing or any other kinds of industry needs a huge amount of capital investment. For indispensable factors like machines, Land, building, power, labour, transport required capital.

(v) Market : To sell manufacturing products there required a market. A location near the market reduces the transportation cost. And another important reason for market oriented location is the probability of the processed goods.

(vi) Transport : Transportation is necessary to collect the raw materials and distribute the finished product to the market. Therefore, cheap and well developed transport facilities are treated as a major factor and behalf of industrial location.

Besides these, climate, water availability, management. government policy, etc are also affectable factors for industrial location.

Q.9. Classify manufacturing industries on the basis of size of industries.

Ans :- On the basis of size industries are classified as :

(i) Cottage or household

(ii) Small scale and

(iii) Large scale

(i) Cottage or household : Cottage industry is the smallest manufacturing unit. Making pots in his courtyard, weaving bamboo in house are the example of cottage and artisan use of local raw materials and simple tools to produce the product. The family members or part time labour help at the work. Finished products may be for consumption in the household or sometimes sale in the local market. This type of manufacturing has low commercial significance and most of the tools are devised locally.

(i) Small scale manufacturing : Small scale manufacturing uses local raw material, simple power driven machines and semi skilled labour. It provides employment and raises local purchasing power.

(iii) Large scale manufacturing : Large scale manufacturing involves a large market. various raw materials, enormous energy. specialized workers. Large capital, etc. Large scale manufacturing industries are produced mainly for the commercial purpose. The finished product is distributed in a global context. It provides a greater opportunity of employment.

Q.10. Classify industries on the basis of raw materials. 

Ans :- The following table reveals the classification of manufacturing industries.

Q.11. Give an account of the iron and steel industry of the world. 

Ans :- Iron and Steel Industry : Iron and Steel Industry forms the base of all other industries and therefore, they are called as basic industries. It is called basic because it provides raw material for other industries such as machine tools used for further production. It may also called a heavy *industry because it uses large quantities of bulky raw materials and its products are also heavy.

The large integrated steel industry is traditionally located closed to the sources of raw materials – iron ore, coal, manganese and limestone – or at places where these could be easily brought, e.g. near ports. Traditionally, most of the steel was produced at large integrated plants, but mini mills are limited to just one step process steel making and are gaining ground.

World Distribution : The iron and steel industry is one of the most complex and capital – intensive industries and is concentrated in the advanced countries in the world, such as North America, Europe and Asia.

North America : In North America, U.S.A. is the largest producer of iron and steel goods i.e. most of the iron and steel industries in the continents are located in the U.S.A.

The important regions are :

(i) Appalachian region 

(ii) Great Lake region

(iii) The Atlantic coast region

Europe :- In Europe the noted nations are–

(i) UK

(ii) Germany

(iii) France

(iv) Belgium

(v) Luxembourg

(vi) The Netherland and

(vii) Russia

Asia :- In Asia

(i) Nagasaki and Tokyo-Yokohama of Japan

(ii) Shanghai, Tianjin and Wuhan of China

(iii) Jamshedpur, Kulti, Burnpur, Durgapur, Rourkela, Bhilai, Bokaro, Salem, Visakhapatnam and Bhadravati of India are the major iron and steel industrial centres.

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