Class 11 History Important Chapter 8 PathsTo Modernization

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Class 11 History Important Chapter 8 PathsTo Modernization

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PathsTo Modernization

Chapter: 8

IMPORTANT QUESTION AND ANSWER

Short Question and Answer:

1. What is meant by modernization?

Ans: Modernization refers to the process of moving away from traditional thinking and making progress in science, technology, education, politics, and economics.

2. Where did the concept of modernization originate?

Ans: The concept of modernization originated in the Western world.

3. When did modernization begin in Japan?

Ans: Modernization in Japan began in 1868 during the Meiji Restoration.

4. What was restored during the Meiji Restoration in Japan?

Ans: The rule of the emperor was restored during the Meiji Restoration.

5. What was one reason for the success of modernization in Japan?

Ans: One reason for the success of modernization in Japan was strong leadership and the involvement of the people.

6. Why did modernization fail in China?

Ans: Modernization failed in China due to political instability, foreign aggression, and internal conflicts.

7. Who was Sun Yat-sen?

Ans: Sun Yat-sen was the founder of China’s democratic government.

8. What happened in China in 1911?

Ans: The monarchy in China fell in 1911.

9. What is needed for successful modernization?

Ans: Successful modernization requires strong leadership, participation of the people, and a stable government.

10. How does each nation determine the path to modernization?

Ans: Each nation determines its path to modernization based on its history, culture, politics, and social context.

Long Question and Answer: 

1. How did economic modernization occur in Japan under the Meiji dynasty? What were its outcomes?

Ans: Economic modernization in Japan under the Meiji dynasty is considered a significant reform. From 1868, the beginning of the Meiji era marked a major transformation in Japan’s national framework. As a first step towards economic modernization, agriculture was developed, and agricultural taxes were reformed. Capital was accumulated from the income of agriculture, which facilitated the development of industries and the establishment of new enterprises.

Between 1870-72, the construction of Japan’s first railway network, connecting Tokyo and Yokohama ports, began. Through this railway system, internal communication improved, and the path for economic development was paved. Additionally, goods were imported from Europe for the textile industry, and foreign workers were employed for training. Foreign professors were also hired to introduce modern education.

In 1872, the introduction of modern banking systems and the development of capital markets were undertaken. Japanese companies like Mitsubishi and Sumitomo were strengthened with tax exemptions and subsidies so they could boost Japanese trade. These companies set up models for commercial institutions in Japan, and large business conglomerates, known as Zaibatsu, were established.

Between 1872-3, Japan’s population grew from about 35 million to 55 million by the 1920s. To reduce the pressure of this growing population, the government actively encouraged reproduction. Along with population growth, the government facilitated the movement of people to frontier regions, marking the beginning of Japan’s colonial empire, with migration to Brazil, Hawaii, and other countries.

In terms of urbanization, in 1925, 21% of Japan’s population lived in cities, and by 1935, this figure rose to 32% (22.5 million). This indicates that, as a result of the Meiji era’s modernization, Japan’s economy and social structure underwent a solid transformation.

Thus, under the Meiji era, Japan’s economic modernization transformed it from a small nation to a major power, which also led to the establishment of its colonial empire and a strong position in global trade.

2. Discuss the growth of industrial labor, the development of modern factories, and the environmental problems in Japan?

Ans: In 1870, Japan’s industrial labor force grew from 700,000 to 4 million by 1913. Most of these workers worked in small and modern factories without machinery and electricity. During this time, most of the workers were women, and in 1886, female workers held the first modern strike. After 1900, the number of male workers increased, and by the 1930s, male workers outnumbered female workers.

With industrial development, the size of factories also grew. In 1909, there were 1,000 factories with more than 100 workers. By 1920, this number increased to 2,000, and in 1930, to 4,000. By 1940, over 550,000 factories had been established. Although fewer than 5 employees were hired at any factory, a family-centered model was maintained.

As industrial development advanced, the need for natural resources increased, leading to environmental damage. The demand for resources like timber grew, contributing to environmental destruction. In 1897, Japan’s first representative, Tanaka Shozo, organized 800 villagers to start an anti-pollution movement. This movement forced the government to take action against pollution.