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Class 11 Biology Chapter 17 Breathing and Exchange of Gases
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Breathing and Exchange of Gases
Chapter – 17
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q.1. Name the organ through which the following organ respire
(a) Aquatic anthropods.
(b) Reptiles.
(c) Frog.
(d) Human being.
Ans :- (a) Aquatic anthropods – gills.
(b) Reptiles – lung.
(c) Frog – Lung and skin.
(d) Human being – Lung.
Q.2. What are alveoli?
Ans:- Each terminal bronchioles gives rise to a number of very thin, irregular walled vascularised bay like structure called alveoli.
Q.3. Name the double layered membrane which covers our lungs.
Ans:- Pleura.
Q.4. Write 1 function of pleural fluid?
Ans :- Pleural fluid is present in between the pleura and it reduces friction on the lung surface.
Q 5. Name the muscles present in between the ribs.
Ans :- Inter costal Muscle.
Q.6. What is Tidal volume?
Ans :- Volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration is called Tidal volume.
Q.7. Define IRV.
Ans :- Additional volume of air, a person can inspire by a forcible expiration is called IRV.
Q.8. What is residual volume?
Ans :- Volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forcible expiration is called residual volume.
Q.9. Name the enzyme present in RBCs which help in transport of co2?
Ans :- Carbonic anhydrase.
Q.10. Name any 2 diseases cause due to respiratory disorder.
Ans :- Asthma, Emphysema.
Q.11. When is the respiratory rhythm centre located in our body?
Ans :- In Medulla region.
Q.12. What role does pneumoto centre play in the regulation of respiration?
Ans :- It moderate the functions of the respiratory rhythm centre.
Q.13. Write the chemical equation facilitates by carbonic anhydrase are.
Ans :-
Q.14. In what form Co2 is carried by haemoglobin.
Ans :- In the form of carbamino haemoglobin.
Q.15. What is partial pressure?
Ans :- Pressure contributed by an individual gas in a mixture of gases is called partial pressure.
Q.16. Why Larynx is also known as sound box?
Ans :- Larynx is a cartilaginous box which help in producing sound so it is also termed as sound box.
Q.17. How our thoracic chamber is made.
Ans :- Thoracic chamber is formed dorsally by vertebral column, ventrally by the sternum, laterally by the ribs and on the lower side by the dome shaped diaphragm.
Q.18. What is the function of spirometer?
Ans :- The volume of air involved in breathing movements can be estimated by using a spirometer which helps in clinical assessment of pulmonary functions.
Q.19. How E.C. is related with TV.
Ans :- TV = E C – ERV.
Q.20. Name the factors that effect the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin.
Ans :- Partial pressure of O₂, Partial pressure of CO₂, hydrogen ions concentration and temperature.
Q.21. What knowledge do we gather from the oxygen dissociation curve.
Ans :- We can study effect of factors like PCO₂, H+ concentration.
Q.22. Name all the factors favourable for the formation of oxyhemoglobin.
Ans :- In the alveoli where there is high O₂, low Co₂, lesser H+ concentration and lower temperature, the factors are call favourable for the formation of oxyhemoglobin.
Q.23. What is Emphysema? Mention 1 may or cause.
Ans :- Emphysema is a chronic disorder in which alveolar walls are damaged due to which respiratory surface is decreased.
One major cause of it is cigarette smoking.
Q.24. Name the 3 forms through which Co2.
Ans :- 20-25% of Co₂ is carbaminohemoglobin.
70% of CO₂ is bicarbonate.
77% CO₂ is in dissolved.
State through plasma.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q.25. Explain the process of inspiration.
Ans :- Inspiration is initiated by the contraction of diaphragm which increases the volume of thoracic chamber. The contortion of the inter costal muscles lifts up the ribs and the sternum and increases the volume of the thoracic chamber well as the pulmonary volume. Thus the internal pulmonary pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure which forces the air from out side to move into the lungs inspiration.
Q.26. Explain the mechanism of expiration.
Ans :- Soon after inspiration, relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostals muscles returns the diaphragm and sternum to their normal positions and reduce the thoracic volume and thereby pulmonary volume. This leads to an increase in the intra pulmonary pressure to slightly above the atmospheric pressure causing the expulsion of air from the lungs ie expiration.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q.27. Mention the various steps of respiration.
Ans :- (i) Breathing.
(ii) Diffusion of gases (O₂+CO₂) across alveolar membrane.
(iii) Transport of gases by the blood.
(iv) Diffusion of O₂ and CO² between blood and tissue.
(v) Utilisation of O₂ by the cells for catabolic reaction and resultant release of CO₂.
Q.28. Draw a labelled diagram of a section of an alveolus with a pulmonary capillary.
Ans :-
Q.29. How transport of CO₂ takes place.
Ans :- CO₂ is carried by haemoglobin as carbamino – haemoglobin. This binding is related to PCO₂. PO₂ is the major factor which could affect this binding. When PCO₂ is high and PO₂ is low as in the tissue, more binding of CO₂ occurs whereas, when the PCO₂ is low and PO₂ is high as in alveoli dissociation of CO₂ from carbamino haemoglobin occurs. RBCs contain carbonic anhydrase which facilitates the following reaction in both direction.
At tissue site where PCO₃ is high to catabolism, CO₂ diffuses into blood (RBG & plasma) and forms HCO₃⁻ and H⁺. At the alveolar site where PCO₂ is low, the reaction proceeds in the opposite direction leading to the formation of CO₂ and H₂O. Every 100 ml of deoxygenated blood delivers 4ml of CO₂ to the alveoli (approx).
Q.30. Explain the mechanism of breathing.
Ans :- Inspiration is initiated by the contraction of diaphragm which increases the volume of thoracic chamber. The contortion of the inter costal muscles lifts up the ribs and the sternum and increases the volume of the thoracic chamber well as the pulmonary volume. Thus the inleral pulmonary pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure which forces the air from out side to move into the lungs inspiration.
Q.31. Explain the mechanism of expiration.
Ans :- Soon after inspiration, relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostals muscles returns the diaphragm and sternum to their normal positions and reduce the thoracic volume and thereby pulmonary volume. This leads to an increase in the intra pulmonary pressure to slightly above the atmospheric pressure causing the expulsion of air from the lungs ie expiration.
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